"General physics. Electromagnetism" - course 2800 rub. from MSU, training 15 weeks. (4 months), Date: December 5, 2023.
Miscellaneous / / December 08, 2023
Lecture 1. Electromagnetic interaction and its place among other interactions in nature. Development of the physics of electricity in the works of M.V. Lomonosov. Electric charge. Microscopic charge carriers. Millikan's experience. Law of conservation of electric charge. Electrostatics. Coulomb's law and its field interpretation. Electric field strength vector. The principle of superposition of electric fields.
Lecture 1. Electric field strength vector flux. Ostrogradsky–Gauss electrostatic theorem, its representation in differential form. Electrostatic field potential. Potential. Normalization of potential. Relationship between the vector of electrostatic field strength and potential. Work of electrostatic field forces. Charge system potential.
Lecture 3. Circulation of the electric field strength vector. The circulation theorem, its representation in differential form. Poisson and Laplace equations. Electric dipole. Potential and field strength of a dipole.
Lecture 4. Conductors in an electrostatic field. Electrostatic induction. Field strength at the surface and inside the conductor. Distribution of charge over the surface of a conductor. Electrostatic protection. Relationship between charge and potential of a conductor. Electrical capacity. Capacitors. Capacity of flat, spherical and cylindrical capacitors. A conducting ball in a uniform electrostatic field.
Lecture 5. Dielectrics. Free and bound charges. Polarization vector. Relationship between the polarization vector and bound charges. Vector of electrical induction in a dielectric. Dielectric susceptibility and dielectric constant and substances. Material equation for electric field vectors. Ostrogradsky–Gauss theorem for dielectrics. Its differential form. Boundary conditions for voltage vectors and electrical induction. Dielectric ball in a uniform electric field.
Lecture 6. Energy of a system of electric charges. Interaction energy and self-energy. Electrostatic field energy and its volumetric density. Energy of an electric dipole in an external field. Ponderomotive forces in an electric field and methods for their calculations. Relationship between ponderomotive forces and the energy of the charge system.
Lecture 7. Electronic theory of polarization of dielectrics. Local field. Non-polar dielectrics. Clausius–Mossotti formula. Polar dielectrics. Langevin function. Polarization of ionic crystals. Electrical properties of crystals. Pyroelectrics. Piezoelectrics. Direct and inverse piezoelectric effect and their application. Ferroelectrics. Domain structure of ferroelectrics. Hysteresis. Curie point. Application of ferroelectrics.
Lecture 8. Constant electric current. Current strength and density. Current lines. Electric field in a current-carrying conductor and its sources. Continuity equation. Condition for the current to be stationary. Electrical voltage. Ohm's law for a section of a circuit. Electrical resistance. Ohm's law in differential form. Specific electrical conductivity of a substance.
Lecture 9. Currents in continuous media. Grounding. DC operation and power. Joule–Lenz law and its differential form. Outside forces. Electromotive force. Ohm's law for a closed circuit. Branched chains. Kirchhoff's rules. Examples of their application.
Lecture 10. Magnetostatics. Interaction of currents. Current element. The Biot-Savart-Laplace law and its field interpretation. Magnetic field induction vector. The effect of a magnetic field on a current. Ampere's law. Theorem on the circulation of the magnetic field induction vector. Differential form of the circulation theorem. Vortex nature of the magnetic field. The equation is div B = 0. The concept of vector potential. Relativistic nature of magnetic interactions.
Lecture 11. Elementary current and its magnetic moment. Magnetic field of an elementary current. Elementary current in a magnetic field. Magnetic field of a moving charge. Interaction of moving charges. Lorentz force. Hall effect.
Lecture 12. Magnetic induction vector flux (magnetic flux). Self-inductance coefficient (inductance). The coefficient of mutual induction of two circuits. Potential current function. Forces acting on a current-carrying circuit. Interaction of two circuits with current.
Lecture 13. Electromagnetic induction. Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction and its differential form. Lenz's rule. Induction methods for measuring magnetic fields. Toki Fuko. The phenomenon of self-induction. Extra currents of closing and breaking. Magnetic energy of current. Magnetic energy of a system of current circuits. Magnetic field energy and its volumetric density.
Lecture 14. Magnetics. The concept of molecular currents. The magnetization vector of a substance and its connection with molecular currents. Magnetic field strength vector. Magnetic permeability and magnetic susceptibility of a substance. Material equation for magnetic field vectors. Boundary conditions for vectors of magnetic field strength and induction. Magnetic protection. The influence of the shape of a magnet on its magnetization.
Lecture 15. Classification of magnetic materials. Diamagnets, paramagnets and ferromagnets. Classic description of diamagnetism. Larmor precession. Paramagnetism. Langevin's theory. Microscopic carriers of magnetism. Magneto-mechanical experiment of Einstein-de-Haas. Barnett's mechanomagnetic experiment. Gyromagnetic ratio.
Lecture 16. Ferromagnets. Spontaneous magnetization and Curie temperature. Domain structure. Magnetization hysteresis, Stoletov curve. Residual induction and coercive force. Temperature dependence of magnetization. Forces acting on magnets in a magnetic field.
Lecture 17. Quasi-stationary currents. Conditions for quasi-stationarity. Transient processes in RC and LC circuits. Electromagnetic vibrations. Oscillatory circuit. Natural vibrations in a circuit. Equation of harmonic vibrations. Energy stored in the circuit. Damped oscillations. Attenuation index. Relaxation time. Logarithmic damping decrement. Contour quality factor. Oscillations in coupled circuits. Partial oscillations and their frequencies. Normal vibrations (modes).
Lecture 18. Forced oscillations in the circuit. The process of establishing forced oscillations. Alternating sinusoidal current. Active, capacitive and inductive resistance. Impedance. Ohm's law for alternating current circuits. Vector diagram method and complex amplitude method.
Lecture 19. Voltage resonance. Voltages and currents at resonance. Width of the resonance curve. Resonance of currents. Kirchhoff's rules for alternating current circuits. AC operation and power. Effective values of current and voltage.
Lecture 20. Technical application of alternating currents. Generators and electric motors. Three-phase current. Obtaining and using a rotating magnetic field. Star and delta connection of windings. Phase and line voltages. Transformer. Principle of operation, device, application. Transformation coefficient. The role of the core.
Lecture 21. High frequency currents. Skin effect. Skin layer thickness. Maxwell's system of equations as a generalization of experimental data. Conduction current and displacement current. Mutual transformations of electric and magnetic fields. Electromagnetic waves. Wave equation. Umov-Poynting vector. The speed of propagation of electromagnetic waves.
Lecture 22. Classical theory of electronic conductivity Drude – Lorentz. The experience of Tolman and Stewart. Ohm's, Joule-Lenz and Wiedemann-Franz laws. Limitations of classical electronic theory. The concept of band theory of solids. Energy levels and the formation of energy zones. Pauli's principle. Fermi–Dirac statistics. Features of the band structure of dielectrics, semiconductors and metals. Explanation of the conductivity of solids using band theory.
Lecture 23. Semiconductors. Intrinsic and impurity conductivity of semiconductors. P- and n-type semiconductors, pn junction. Applications of semiconductors: semiconductor diodes, transistors, photodiodes, photoresistors. Contact phenomena. Contact potential difference. Thermoelectricity. Thermomotive force. Thermocouples. Peltier effect. Thomson phenomenon. Superconductivity. Basic properties of superconductors. Magnetic induction inside a superconductor. Meissner effect. Critical field. High temperature superconductivity. Application of superconductors.
Course "Nuclear power plant steam turbines. Part 1. Theory of Thermal Process" is intended to obtain systematic knowledge about the principle of operation, structure and theory of the thermal process multi-stage steam turbines of saturated steam of nuclear power plants and the formation of skills and abilities to perform standard thermal calculations of turbine steps.
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