“Chemistry for applicants” - course 32,000 rubles. from MSU, training 24 weeks. (6 months), Date: November 30, 2023.

1. Introduction

2 Theoretical foundations of chemistry

2.1 Modern ideas about the structure of the atom
2.1.1 The structure of the electronic shells of atoms of elements of the first four periods: s-, p-, d-elements. Electronic configuration of an atom. Ground and excited states of atoms.

2.2 Periodic law and periodic system D.I. Mendeleev.
2.2.1 Patterns of changes in the properties of elements and their compounds by periods and groups. General characteristics of metals of groups I-III A in connection with their position in the periodic table and the structural features of their atoms.
2.2.3 Characteristics of transition elements - copper, zinc, chromium, iron according to their position in the periodic table D.I. Mendeleev and the structural features of their atoms.
2.2.4 General characteristics of non-metals IV-VII A groups in connection with their position in the periodic table D.I. Mendeleev and the structural features of their atoms.

2.3 Chemical bonding and structure of matter.
2.3.1 Covalent chemical bond, its varieties, mechanisms of formation. Bond characteristics (polarity and bond energy). Ionic bond. Metal connection. Hydrogen bond.
2.3.2 Electronegativity. Oxidation state and valence of elements.
2.3.3 Substances of molecular and non-molecular structure. Type of crystal lattice. Dependence of the properties of a substance on their composition and structure.

2.4 Chemical reaction. 10 10
2.4.1 Classification of chemical reactions in inorganic and organic chemistry.
2.4.2 Reaction speed, its dependence on various factors.
2.4.3 Thermal effect of a chemical reaction. Thermochemical equations.
2.4.4 Reversible and irreversible reactions. Chemical balance. Shift in chemical equilibrium under the influence of various factors.
2.4.5 Electrolytic dissociation of electrolytes in aqueous solutions.
2.4.6 Ion exchange reactions.
2.4.7 Hydrolysis of salts. Aqueous solution environment.
2.4.8 Redox reactions. Corrosion of metals and methods of protection against it.
2.4.9 Electrolysis of melts and solutions.

3 Inorganic chemistry

3.1 Classification of inorganic substances. Nomenclature of inorganic substances (trivial and international).
3.2 Characteristic chemical properties of simple substances - metals: alkali, alkaline earth, aluminum; transition metals (copper, zinc, chromium, iron).
3.3 Characteristics of the chemical properties of simple substances - non-metals: hydrogen, halogens, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon, silicon.
3.4 Characteristic chemical properties of oxides: basic, amphoteric, acidic.
3.5 Characteristic chemical properties of bases and amphoteric hydroxides. Characteristic chemical properties of acids.
3.6 Characteristic chemical properties of acids.
3.7 Characteristic chemical properties of salts: medium, acidic, basic, complex (using the example of aluminum and zinc compounds).
3.8 Interrelation of various classes of inorganic compounds.

4 Organic chemistry

4.1 Classification of organic compounds. International and trivial nomenclature.
4.2 Theory of the structure of organic compounds: homology and isomerism (structural and spatial). Mutual influence of atoms in molecules.
Types of bonds in molecules of organic substances. Hybridization of carbon atomic orbitals. Radical. Functional group.
4.3 Characteristic chemical properties of hydrocarbons: alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, alkadienes, alkynes, arenes (for example, benzene and toluene).
Ionic (V.V. Markovnikov’s rule) and radical mechanism of reactions in organic chemistry.
4.4 Characteristic chemical properties of saturated monohydric and polyhydric alcohols, phenol.
4.5 Characteristic chemical properties of aldehydes, saturated carboxylic acids, esters.
4.6 Biologically important substances: proteins, fats, carbohydrates.
4.7 Basic methods of obtaining hydrocarbons (in the laboratory).
The main methods for obtaining oxygen-containing compounds (in the laboratory).
4.8 Characteristic chemical properties of nitrogen-containing organic compounds: amines and amino acids. Squirrels.
4.9 Interrelation of organic compounds.

5 Methods of knowledge in chemistry

5.1 Experimental fundamentals of chemistry.
5.2 General ideas about industrial methods for obtaining essential substances. Use of substances.
5.3 Calculations using chemical formulas and reaction equations. Calculation problems to establish the mass (volume, quantity) of the substance of the reaction products,
if one of the substances is given in excess (has impurities), given in the form of a solution with a certain mass fraction of the dissolved substance;
mass or volume fraction of the reaction product from the theoretically possible yield; mass fraction (mass) of a chemical compound in a mixture; molecular formula of a substance.