“History of Russia” - course 25,000 rubles. from MSU, training 32 weeks. (8 months), Date: November 30, 2023.

TOPIC 1. EASTERN SLAVS IN ANCIENTITY. THE EMERGENCE OF THE ANCIENT RUSSIAN STATE

Origin of the Slavs. Indo-European language family. The first mentions of the Slavs. Ancient authors. Procopius of Caesarea. Settlement of the Eastern Slavs across the East European Plain. Economy of the Eastern Slavs. Agriculture (slash-and-burn system, fallow), livestock breeding. Trades (hunting, fishing, beekeeping), crafts and trade. "The path from the Varangians to the Greeks." Socio-political organization. Neighborhood community. Tribe. Veche. Tribal unions. Prince and squad. Militia. The beginning of feudal relations. Internal and external factors that prepared the emergence of statehood among the Eastern Slavs. "Norman theory". Rurik and brothers. Paganism.

TOPIC 2. STATE KIEVAN RUS

Early feudal monarchy. Grand Duke, princes, boyars. Tribute, polyudye. Unification of Novgorod and Kyiv. The first Kyiv princes (Rurik, Oleg, Igor, Olga, Svyatoslav). The unification of the East Slavic tribes under the rule of the Kyiv princes. The reign of Vladimir the Saint. Acceptance of Christianity. The reign of Yaroslav and his successors. "Russian Truth". Social structure of the population. The first strife. Lyubech Congress of Princes. Vladimir Monomakh. Mstislav the Great. Social conflicts. The struggle of the Russian state with nomadic tribes. The collapse of the Kyiv state at the beginning of the 12th century.

TOPIC 3. Feudal fragmentation. RUSSIAN LANDS IN THE XII – FIRST THIRD OF THE XIII CENTURIES.

Reasons for the feudal fragmentation of Rus'. Natural economy. The significance of feudal fragmentation in the development of the Russian state. Socio-economic and internal political development of principalities and lands on the eve of the Mongol invasion. Northern Russian type: veche, mayor, thousand, archbishop, prince. South Russian type: Yaroslav Osmomysl, Roman Volynsky, Daniil Galitsky, South Russian boyars. Central Russian type: Yuri Dolgoruky, Andrey Bogolyubsky, Vsevolod Big Nest; origins of Russian autocracy. International situation of Russian lands. Political and cultural connections between Russian lands. Feudal strife and external aggression.

TOPIC 4. CULTURE OF RUSSIAN PRE-MONGOL PERIOD

The concept of "culture". The phenomenon of ancient Russian culture. The influence of Christianity.

Literature: Cyril and Methodius. Translated religious and secular literature. Journalism (“The Tale of Law and Grace”, “The Tale of Igor’s Host”). Chronicles (“The Tale of Bygone Years”). Birch bark letters. Epics and fairy tales.

Architecture of Kievan Rus: Cathedrals of St. Sophia of Kyiv, St. Sophia of Novgorod. The architecture of the period of feudal fragmentation, the formation of local architectural schools: the Assumption, Dmitrov Cathedrals, the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl (Vladimir), the Church of the Savior on Nereditsa (Novgorod).

Painting (frescoes, mosaics, icon painting).

The influence of feudal fragmentation on the culture of Rus'. The rise of culture in Russian lands in the XII-XIII centuries. The idea of ​​the unity of the Russian land in works of culture.

TOPIC 5. THE STRUGGLE OF RUSSIAN LANDS AGAINST EXTERNAL DANGER IN THE 13TH CENTURY. TATAR-MONGOL YOKE

Formation of the early feudal Mongolian state. Genghis Khan. Organizations of Mongolian society. Conquest of the lands of neighboring peoples by the Mongols. Battle of the Kalka River. Batu. The defeat of Volga Bulgaria. Invasion of North-Eastern Rus'. The defeat of southern and southwestern Rus'. Batu's campaigns in Central Europe. Tatar-Mongol yoke in Rus'. System of management of conquered lands. Aggression of spiritual knightly orders (Bearers of the Sword, Livonian Order) and Swedish feudal lords in the Baltic states. Threat to Russian lands. The defeat of the Swedish troops on the Neva and the German knights in the Battle of the Ice. Alexander Nevskiy. The Grand Duchy of Vladimir and the Golden Horde. The struggle of the Russian people against the Golden Horde (Daniil Galitsky and Alexander Nevsky). Consequences of the Mongol-Tatar invasion and the Golden Horde yoke for the further development of our country. The Mongol-Tatar conquest of Rus' and the Golden Horde yoke in the assessments of historians.

TOPIC 6. FORMATION OF THE RUSSIAN CENTRALIZED STATE AND THE OVERTHROW OF THE TATAR-MONGOL Yoke

Features of the creation of a Russian centralized state. The struggle of Moscow and Tver for the great reign of Vladimir. Ivan Kalita. Transformation of Moscow into the center of the ancient Russian state. Dmitry Donskoy. The Battle of Kulikovo, its historical significance. Church and State. Metropolitan Alexey, Sergius of Radonezh. Merger of the Great Vladimir and Moscow principalities. Vasily I. Vasily II. Feudal war. Rus' and the Union of Florence. IvanIII. Overthrow of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, standing on the river. Eel. Completion of the process of unification of Russian lands around Moscow. Law code 1497 The beginning of local land ownership.

TOPIC 7. RUSSIA IN THE XVI CENTURIES. THE REIGN OF IVAN THE TERRIBLE

Remnants of feudal fragmentation: Boyar Duma, localism, feeding system. Vasily III. The chosen one is glad. Elected Rada. Zemsky Sobors. Law code 1550 Order system. Tax system. Lip reform. Canceling feedings. Zemsky Sobors. Stoglav. Military reform: service people for the fatherland and service people for the device. Creation of the Streltsy army. Oprichnina. Political and social reasons for the introduction of oprichnina. Malyuta Skuratov. Strengthening the personal power of the king. Ivan the Terrible and Andrei Kurbsky. Creation of an estate-representative monarchy. Foreign policy of Ivan the Terrible. Annexation of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates to Russia. The entry of Bashkir lands into the Russian state. The struggle for access to the Baltic Sea, the Livonian War. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Annexation of Siberia.

TOPIC 8. RUSSIAN CULTURE IN THE PERIOD OF THE CENTRALIZED STATE

The Tatar-Mongol invasion and its consequences for Russian culture. The unification of Russian lands around Moscow. Ideology. "Moscow - the Third Rome".

Literature. Later chronicle. "The Legend of the Princes of Vladimir." Historical stories. Hagiographic literature. “Walking” by Afanasy Nikitin. Chronographs. Journalism and the epistolary genre (“The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir”, Filofey, I. Peresvetov, Ivan the Terrible, A. Kurbsky and others). "Cheti-Minea" by Metropolitan Macarius. Historical stories. "Domostroy". Ivan Fedorov and the beginning of book printing.

Architecture. Construction of the Moscow Kremlin. Construction of tented churches. Defense architecture.

Painting. Theophanes the Greek. Andrey Rublev. Dionysius.

TOPIC 9. RUSSIA AFTER THE DEATH OF IVAN THE TERRIBLE. "TIME OF TROUBLES"

"Porukha" 1570-80s. Enslavement of the peasants. Death of Tsarevich Dmitry. Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Fyodor Ioannovich and Boris Godunov. Domestic and foreign policy. Establishment of the patriarchate. Famine of 1601-1602 Cotton Rebellion. Political development of Russia during the Time of Troubles. Boris Godunov. False Dmitry I. Vasily Shuisky. False Dmitry II. The Peasant War by Ivan Bolotnikov. Cossack and noble detachments in the Time of Troubles. Intervention of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden. Seven Boyars. First and second militias. Minin and Pozharsky. Council of the whole earth. Liberation of Moscow. Zemsky Sobor 1613 Stolbovsky world. Deulin agreement. Consequences of the events of the Time of Troubles for the further history of Russia.

TOPIC 10. RUSSIA IN THE REIGN OF THE FIRST ROMANOVS. "REBEL AGE". "PRIESTHOOD AND KINGDOM"

The transition from estate-representative to absolute monarchy. Mikhail Fedorovich. Alexey Mikhailovich. Central and local government. Termination of the activities of Zemsky Sobors.

Economic recovery after the Time of Troubles. New trends in the economy: the first factories, manufactories, specialization of regions, the beginning of the formation of an all-Russian market. Trade fairs. New trading charter.

"Enslavement of the classes." Legal design of the serfdom system. "Cathedral Code" of 1649 Urban uprisings of the mid-century and the attachment of townspeople to the cities. Folk performances of the 17th century. Peasant war led by Stepan Razin.

Reforms of Patriarch Nikon and the Schism of the Church. Split as a manifestation of social protest.

The struggle to eliminate the consequences of the Troubles in foreign policy. Smolensk War 1632-1634 Seat of Azov (1637-1642). The accession of Ukraine to Russia. Russian-Polish War 1654-1667 Russian-Swedish War 1656-1661 Russian-Turkish War 1677-1681

TOPIC 11. RUSSIAN CULTURE of the 17th CENTURY.

The formation of secular culture. The influence of Western Europe on Russian culture. Spreading literacy and education. Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. Moscow Printing Yard.

Literature. Latest chronicles. The appearance of a fictional hero. Satirical stories. Household stories. Poetic genre. Simeon of Polotsk. Virsheva poetry. Translated literature. Biographical stories. "Life" of Archpriest Avvakum.

Architecture. Temples of Moscow and Yaroslavl. Baroque. Churches of the Intercession in Fili and the Church of the Sign in Dubrovitsy.

Painting. Parsuna. Simon Ushakov.

TOPIC 12. DOMESTIC POLITICS OF PETER I.

Russia after the death of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich: uprising of 1682 Regency of Sophia. The beginning of the autocratic reign of Peter I. Personality of Peter I. The connection between the domestic and foreign policies of Peter I.

Public administration. Senate. The position of prosecutor general. Collegiums. Synod. Governorates and provinces.

Economics: encouraging domestic entrepreneurship, building factories, mercantilism.

Social relations under Peter I. Table of ranks. Decree on unity of inheritance. Creation of merchant guilds. Introduction of capitation tax. Revisions. Uprisings in Astrakhan, on the Don, in Bashkiria. Peasant War K. Bulavin. Transformations in the field of everyday life.

TOPIC 13. FOREIGN POLICY OF RUSSIA AT THE END OF THE XVII - FIRST THIRD OF THE XVIII CENTURIES.

Objectives of foreign policy.

Agreement with China. Azov campaigns. Grand Embassy. The influence of the great embassy on the subsequent internal political transformations of Peter I.

North War. Defeat at Narva. Founding of St. Petersburg. Creation of the Baltic Fleet and regular army. Invasion of Charles XII in Russia. Battle of Poltava. Victories at Cape Gangut, Grengam Island. Nystadt world. Proclamation of Russia as an empire. Prut campaign. Caspian campaign.

TOPIC 14. THE AGE OF PALACE COUPS

The nature of palace coups. Causes of palace coups. The role of the guard and high-ranking officials. Transformation of the nobility into a privileged class.

The struggle for power after the death of Peter the Great. Catherine I. Declining the importance of the Senate. Supreme Privy Council. Peter II. Menshikov and Dolgoruky. Accession of Anna Ioannovna. Bironovism. Cabinet of Ministers. Cancellation of single inheritance. Elizaveta Petrovna. Conference at the highest court. Peter III. Manifesto on the freedom of the nobility.

Socio-economic development of Russia in the second quarter of the 18th century. Industrial development.

Foreign policy. Russian-Polish relations. Relations with Turkey and the Crimean Khanate. Russian-Swedish war. Seven Years' War. The beginning of the annexation of Central Asia.

TOPIC 15. INTERNAL AND FOREIGN POLICY OF RUSSIA IN THE MIDDLE – SECOND HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURY. (CATHERINE II AND PAUL I).

Enlightened absolutism of Catherine the Great. Stacked commission. Provincial reform. Letters granted to the nobility and cities. Reign of Paul I. Decree on succession to the throne.

Economy. Industrial development. Manifesto on freedom of enterprise. Development of serfdom (corvée, quitrent).

Social sphere. "The Golden Age of the Russian Nobility." Advisory decree on three-day corvee. Strengthening the power of the nobility locally.

Koliivshchyna. Plague riot of 1771 Peasant war led by Emelyan Pugachev.

Russian foreign policy in the second half of the 18th century. Tasks. Russian-Turkish wars. Annexation of Crimea. Russian-Swedish war. Section of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Russia's attitude to the liberation war of the North American states. French revolution.

TOPIC 16. RUSSIAN CULTURE of the 18th CENTURY.

The influence of Peter's reforms on Russian culture. Academy of Sciences. School. Science and technology. Socio-political thought (I. Pososhkov, F. Prokopovich). Creation of scientific, cultural, museum, library institutions.

"The Age of Enlightenment". M.V. Lomonosov. Foundation of Moscow University. Opening of the Academy of Arts, Mining Institute. Formation of the Russian intelligentsia. N.I. Novikov.

Development of natural and technical sciences. Russian inventors: (I.I. Polzunov, K.D. Frolov, I.P. Kulibin). Complex geographical expeditions (N.I. Lepekhin and others). Free Economic Society. A.T. Bolotov, M.D. Chulkov. Historical science (V.N. Tatishcheva, M.V. Lomonosova, M.M. Shcherbatova, I.N. Boltin, publication of historical sources).

School reform of the 1780s. Creation of a comprehensive school system. Beginning of women's education.

Literature and journalism. VC. Trediakovsky, M.V. Lomonosov, D.I. Fonvizin, I.A. Krylov, G.R. Derzhavin, A.P. Sumarokov, N.M. Karamzin, A.N. Radishchev. The emergence of Russian professional theater (F.G. Volkov). Fortress Theater (Sheremetev).

Baroque and classicism in Russian art of the 18th century. Architecture (F.-B. Rastrelli, V.I. Bazhenov, M.F. Kazakov). Painting (A.P. Losenko, F.S. Rokotov, D.G. Levitsky, V.L. Borovikovsky). Sculpture (F.I. Shubin, E. Falcone, M.I. Kozlovsky, I.P. Martos). Music (E.I. Fomin,

Life and customs. Noble estate. The life of townspeople and peasants.

TOPIC 17. FOREIGN POLICY OF RUSSIA IN THE 18TH CENTURY.

International situation and position of Russia.

Western direction:

Polish question. War with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1733-1735). Partitions of Poland.

Wars with Sweden (1741-1743, 1788-1790)

Russian participation in the Seven Years' War (1756-1763).

Declaration of Armed Neutrality. Russia and revolutionary France. Patronage of Malta. Russia's participation in the anti-French coalition. Victories of F.F. Ushakov and A.V. Suvorov in Europe. Italian and Swiss campaigns of A.V. Suvorov. A turn in Russian foreign policy - peace with France and a break with England.

South direction:

Wars with Turkey (1735-1739, 1768-1774, 1787-1791). Annexation of Bessarabia, Crimea... Strengthening Russia's position in the Black Sea and the Balkans. Treaty of Georgievsk and Russian protectorate over Eastern Georgia.

East direction:

Entry of the Small and Middle Kazakh zhuzes into Russia. Annexation of the territory of Kazakhstan to Russia.

Russian discoveries in the Pacific Ocean. Russian-American company.

TOPIC 18. REIGN OF ALEXANDER I

Palace coup of 1801 and the accession to the throne of Alexander I. “The Alexandrov days are a wonderful beginning...” The secret committee and the “young friends” of the emperor: P.A. Stroganov, V.P. Kochubey, N.N. Novosiltsev, A. Czartoryski. Government measures in the field of education. Ministerial reform. Senate reform. State activities of M.M. Speransky and his plan for government reforms. Creation of the State Council. Note from N.M. Karamzin “On Ancient and New Russia”.

Peasant question. Decree “On Free Plowmen”.

The internal situation of the country in 1815-1825. Strengthening conservative sentiments in Russian society. A.A. Arakcheev and Arakcheevism. Military settlements.

TOPIC 19. FOREIGN POLICY OF RUSSIA IN THE FIRST QUARTER OF THE XIX CENTURY. RUSSIA AND THE NAPOLEONIC WARS

International situation at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries.

Western direction.

The development of defensive wars of revolutionary France into wars of conquest. Napoleon I. The Anglo-French conflict as the main contradiction of the era. International position of Russia. Russia's participation in anti-French coalitions. Tilsit and Erfurt peace treaties. Continental blockade and its consequences for Russia.

Russian-Swedish War 1808-1809 Accession of Finland.

Patriotic War of 1812 International relations on the eve of the war. Causes and beginning of the war. Balance of forces and military plans of the parties. M.B. Barclay de Tolly. P.I. Bagration. M.I. Kutuzov. Battle of Smolensk. The Battle of Borodino and its significance. Abandonment and fire of Moscow. Tarutino maneuver. Counter-offensive of the Russian army. People's War. Defeat of Napoleonic troops.

Foreign campaigns of 1813-1814. The role of Russia in the liberation of Western European peoples. Battle of Leipzig (“Battle of the Nations”). Entry of the Russian army into Paris. Congress of Vienna and its decisions.

Formation of the Holy Alliance. The rise of the revolutionary movement in Western Europe and the strengthening of the reactionary nature of the Holy Alliance.

South direction:

Russian-Persian War 1804-1813 Russian-Turkish War 1806-1812

TOPIC 20. DECEMBER MOVEMENT

Social base of the Decembrists. Napoleonic wons and their influence on the social movement. The first Decembrist organizations were the “Union of Salvation” and the “Union of Prosperity”. Northern and Southern society. The main program documents of the Decembrists are “Russian Truth” by P.I. Pestel and “Constitution” by N.M. Muravyov. a look at the state structure and the peasant question. Development of a plan for an armed uprising.

Death of Alexander I. Interregnum. Revolt of December 14, 1825 In Petersburg. Uprising of the Chernigov regiment. Causes of defeat. Investigation and trial of the Decembrists. The significance of the Decembrist uprising.

TOPIC 21. INTERNAL POLITICS OF NICHOLAS I

Ideology. Public administration. Strengthening autocratic power. Further centralization and bureaucratization of the Russian state system. Creation of His Imperial Majesty's Own Office. OH. Benckendorf. Intensifying repressive measures.

Codification of laws. Activities of M.M. Speransky.

The peasant question in the second quarter of the 19th century. and government policies. Reform of state peasants. P.D. Kiselev. Introduction of inventory rules. Financial reform E.F. Kankrina.

Education Policy. Committee for the Organization of Educational Institutions 1826 School charter. University Charter. Censorship regulations. The era of censorship terror.

Polish uprising 1830-1831 Russia's attitude to revolutionary upheavals in Europe. "Gloomy Seven Years"

TOPIC 22. FOREIGN POLICY OF RUSSIA IN THE SECOND QUARTER OF THE XIX CENTURY.

The main directions of Russian foreign policy in the second quarter of the 19th century. Russian Foreign Minister K.V. Nesselrode.

Southern direction (“Eastern Question”). Greek revolt. The role of Russia in the liberation of Greece. Russian-Persian War 1826-1828 Russian-Turkish War 1828-1829 The problem of the straits in Russian foreign policy in the 30s and 40s of the 19th century. Unkyar-Iskelesi Treaty of 1833 London Conventions 1840-1841

Western direction. Russia and the revolutions of 1830 and 1848. in Europe. Intervention in Hungary in 1849

Crimean War. International relations on the eve of the war. Causes of the war. Military operations in the Balkans and Transcaucasia. Battle of Sinop. Entry of England and France into the war. Position of Austria and Prussia. Battle of the Alma River. A.S. Menshikov. Defense of Sevastopol. V.A. Kornilov. P.S. Nakhimov. IN AND. Istomin. E.I. Totleben. The battle of Inkerman and the Black River. Fall of Sevastopol. Capture of Kars by Russian troops. Russia's defeat in the war. Peace of Paris 1856 International and domestic consequences of the war.

Annexation of the Caucasus to Russia. Caucasian War.

TOPIC 23. SOCIAL MOVEMENT IN THE 1830-1850s.

Conditions for the development of public opinion under Nicholas I.

Conservatives. Formation of government ideology. The theory of official nationality. S.S. Uvarov, M.P. Pogodin, S.P. Shevyrev.

Liberals. Attempts to continue the tradition of the Decembrists. Mugs from the 1820s - 1830s. (Venevitinov, Sungurov, Kritsky). Russian journalism of the 1830-40s. “Northern Bee”, “Moskvitian”. "Domestic Notes". "Contemporary". Westerners. “Philosophical Letter” P.Ya. Chaadaeva. Moderate Westerners. T.N. Granovsky, P.V. Annenkov, V.P. Botkin, K.D. Kavelin. Radical - A.I. Herzen, N.P. Ogarev, I.G. Belinsky. Slavophiles. I.V. and P.V. Kireevskie. K.S. and I.S. Aksakovs. A.S. Khomyakov.

Radical, socialist circles. Circle N.V. Stankevich and German idealistic philosophy. Circle A.I. Herzen and utopian socialism. M.V. Butashevich-Petrashevsky and his circle. The theory of "peasant socialism".

TOPIC 24. RUSSIAN CULTURE OF THE FIRST HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY.

General conditions for the development of Russian culture at the beginning of the 19th century.

Literature (classicism, sentimentalism, romanticism, realism). I.A. Krylov, V.A. Zhukovsky, A.S. Griboyedov,

Architecture. A.N. Voronikhin. K.I. Russia. O.I. Beauvais. DI. Gilardi. K.A. Tone.

Theater and music. Russian romances. A.A. Alyabyev. A.E. Varlamov. A.L. Gurilev. Opera. A.N. Verstovsky. M.I. Glinka.

Art. K.P. Bryullov. A.A. Ivanov. A.G. Venetsianov. P.A. Fedotov. Sculpture. I.P. Martos. Klodt von Jurgensburg.

Science and education. University charter 1804 Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. N.I. Lobachevsky. N.M. Karamzin. Geographical exploration and discovery.

TOPIC 25. THE AGE OF GREAT REFORM

Reasons for reforms.

Peasant reform. Preparation of reform. Secret Committee. Rescript to V.I. Nazimov. Provincial committees. Main Committee. Editorial commissions. "Situation" February 19, 1861 S.S. Lanskoy. ON THE. Milyutin. ME AND. Rostovtsev. Personal liberation of peasants. Allotments. Ransom. Redemption operation. Duties of peasants. Temporary condition. Abolition of serfdom in the appanage and state villages.

The abolition of serfdom as the basis for subsequent bourgeois reforms. Zemstvo, judicial, urban reforms. Financial reforms. Reforms in the field of education. Censorship rules. Military reforms.

The aggravation of socio-political contradictions in the country by the end of the 70s of the XIX century. The crisis of autocratic power at the turn of the 70-80s. Maneuvering policy. Creation of the Supreme Administrative Commission for the Protection of State Order and Public Peace, headed by M.T. Loris-Melikov. Death of Alexander II and resignation of M.T.Loris-Melikov.

The significance of reforms, their impact on the development of capitalist relations.

TOPIC 26. SOCIAL MOVEMENT IN RUSSIA 1850-1900s. DEVELOPMENT OF THE REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT

Defeat in the Crimean War and its impact on the internal political situation in Russia. Great reforms of Alexander II: liberals in power.

Reform of 1861 and the attitude of Russian society towards it. Positions of A.I. Herzen and N.P. Ogarev, N.G. Chernyshevsky. Peasant performances.

Polish uprising of 1863 and the Russian public.

Liberal and conservative movement: address of the Tver nobility 1862; requirement of the noble constitution. Zemstvo liberal movement of the second half of the 19th century.

"Nihilism". Controversy between Sovremennik and Russkie Slovo.

Mugs N.A. Ishutina. Attempt by D.V. Karakozov on Alexander II.

Populist movement of the 1870s and early 1880s. (M.A. Bakunin.

Liberal populism 1880-90s. N.K. Mikhailovsky. Spread of the ideas of Marxism in Russia. G.V. Plekhanov. Group "Emancipation of Labor" (1883-1903). The emergence of Russian social democracy. Criticism of G.V. Plekhanov of populism. Marxist circles of the 1880s.

Labor movement in the second half of the 19th century. Strike struggle. The first workers' organizations. Work question. Factory legislation. Factory inspection.

St. Petersburg "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class." IN AND. Ulyanov. "Legal Marxism". P.B. Struve. "Economism". The ideological struggle on the issue of ways to develop capitalism in Russia at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries.

Speeches of the Russian proletariat. May Day demonstration in Kharkov (1900). Obukhov defense (1901). Strike in Rostov-on-Don (1902). General strike in the South of Russia (1903). December general strike in Baku (1904).

Peasant unrest at the beginning of the 20th century. Movement of democratic intelligentsia and students. Formation of the Socialist Revolutionary Party. "Union of Liberation".

"Spark". II Congress of the RSDLP. The emergence of Menshevism and Bolshevism as ideological movements of Russian Social Democracy.

Internal policy of tsarism. Nicholas II. Increased repression. "Police socialism." “Zubatovschina” (“Gaponovschina”). Government policy on the peasant issue.

TOPIC 27. COUNTER-REFORMS OF ALEXANDER III

Counter-reforms of Alexander III: conservatives in power. Alexander III. K.P. Pobedonostsev. M.N. Katkov. Manifesto on the inviolability of autocracy (1881). Ideology of counter-reforms.

Censorship and education. "Temporary rules" on printing in 1882 Decree on secondary schools (1882). Decree on “cook’s children” (1887). University charter 1884 I.D. Delyanov.

The agrarian question about the policy of autocracy. Establishment of the Peasant Land Bank (1882). Community Act (1893). “Regulations on zemstvo district chiefs” (1889).

Zemskaya (1890) and city (1892) counter-reforms.

Results and significance of counter-reforms.

TOPIC 28. SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIA AT THE END OF THE 19TH – EARLY 20TH CENTURIES.

The contradiction between capitalist development and the preservation of feudal remnants. Russia's place in the economies of the world. "Echelons" of capitalist development.

Capitalist development in industry. Industrial revolution: essence, prerequisites, chronology. The main stages of the development of capitalism in industry. Creation of factory industry. Technical progress. Large industry: its branches, location. The emergence of new industrial areas. Formation of the industrial bourgeoisie and industrial proletariat. A city in post-reform Russia. Industrial boom of the 1890s Railway construction of the second half of the 19th century. General characteristics of Russian industry at the beginning of the 20th century. Russian monopoly capitalism and its features. Economic crisis and depression 1900-1908 Industrial boom 1908-1913

Agriculture. Remains of serfdom and their influence on the formation of capitalist relations in agriculture in post-reform Russia. Implementation of the reform of 1861 Drawing up charter documents. Concluding buyout transactions. Bourgeois evolution of landowner and peasant farms. Capitalist and labor systems. Decomposition of the peasantry. Rural community in post-reform Russia. Development of productive forces. Agrarian crisis of the 80-90s of the XIX century. General conditions for its development at the beginning of the 20th century. Landowner farming. Peasant farming.

Social structure of the population. Estates and classes. Population of the country. Population growth and movement.

The aggravation of economic, social and political contradictions in the country at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. Liberal-bourgeois movement. A revolutionary situation is brewing. The essence and features of the revolutionary situation in Russia.

TOPIC 29. FOREIGN POLICY OF RUSSIA IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY.

International position of Russia after the Crimean War. Changing the country's foreign policy program. A.M. Gorchakov. The main directions and stages of Russian foreign policy in the second half of the 19th century.

Russia's struggle to abolish the restrictive conditions of the Treaty of Paris of 1856 Relations with England, France, Prussia, Austria. London Convention of 1871 and the cancellation of the neutralization of the Black Sea. Union of Three Emperors.

Russia and the Eastern crisis of the 70s of the XIX century. The position of the Slavic peoples within the Ottoman Empire and the national liberation movement in the Balkans. Russian-Turkish War 1877-1878 I.V. Gurko. M.D. Skobelev. Treaty of San Stefano. Berlin Congress and its decisions.

Resumption of the Alliance of the Three Emperors (1881). Formation of the Triple Alliance (1882). Deterioration of Russia's relations with Germany and Austria-Hungary. Conclusion of the Russian-French alliance (1891-1894).

The annexation of Central Asia to Russia. Motives for Russia's advance into Central Asia. Activation of Russian politics in the 1860s. Russian-Bukhara relations and the formation of the Turkestan General Government. Establishment of Russia in the Krasnovodsk region. Annexation of Khiva. Inclusion of the Kokand Khanate into the Turkestan region. Subjugation of the Turkmen tribes. Russian-English agreements. Controversies in this region. Organization of military-administrative management of Central Asia.

Hague Conference 1899.

TOPIC 30. RUSSIAN CULTURE OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY.

Literature. Realism (I.S. Turgenev, F.M. Dostoevsky, A.N. Ostrovsky, L.N. Tolstoy, A.P. Chekhov).

Architecture. Conditions for the development of architecture. Eclecticism (A.I. Rezanov), pseudo-Russian style (V.O. Sherwood, A.N. Pomerantsev).

Painting. The Wanderers. N.N. Ge, V.G. Perov, I.N. Kramskoy. The influence of impressionism (I.I. Shishkin, I.I. Levitan, V.E. Borisov-Musatov, V.D. Polenov, I.E. Repin). Marine theme (I.K. Aivazovsky). Historical and battle painting (V.I. Surikov, V.V. Vereshchagin).

Sculpture. A.M. Opekushin, M.M. Antokolsky.

Science and education. Medicine (N.I. Pirogov, I.M. Sechenov), chemistry (A.M. Butlerov, D.I. Mendeleev), mathematics (S.V. Kovalevskaya), geography (P.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky), N.M. Przhvalsky, N.N. Miklouho-Maclay), history (S.M. Solovyov, V.O. Klyuchevsky).

Drama Theater (Maly Theater School). Ballet (M.I. Petipa).

TOPIC 31. BOURGEOISE-DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION 1905-1907.

Causes of the revolution. The influence of the Russo-Japanese War on the revolutionary movement. Character, driving forces and features of the Russian revolution of 1905-1907.

The beginning of the revolution. Bloody Sunday January 9, 1905

Development of the revolution in the spring and summer of 1905 May Day strikes. Ivanovo-Voznesensk strike. The rise of the peasant movement. Mutiny on the battleship Potemkin. All-Russian October political strike. The beginning and progress of the strike. Councils of workers' deputies.

Projects for the creation of the Duma. Manifesto October 17. Office of S.Yu. Witte. Formation of bourgeois parties.

Peasant movement in October-December 1905

December armed uprising in Moscow. The reasons for his defeat, historical significance and lessons.

Retreat of the revolution. The strike struggle of the proletariat.

Elections to the State Duma. I State Duma. The agrarian question in the Duma. Trudoviks. Dispersal of the Duma. Ministry of P.A. Stolypin. II State Duma. V Congress of the RSDLP. Coup d'etat of June 3, 1907

The reasons for the defeat and the significance of the revolution.

TOPIC 32. RUSSIA IN 1907-1914.

Third June political system. III State Duma. The alignment of political forces in the Duma. "Bonapartism". Government terror. Decline of the labor movement in 1907-1910. "Milestones". Ideological and political struggle within Russian social democracy.

Stolypin agrarian reform. Decree of November 9, 1906 Implementation of agrarian reform. Destruction of the community. Farms and cuts. Peasant land bank. Resettlement policy. Peasants' attitude to reform. Nature, results and significance of the reform.

Revival of the social movement in 1910 The rise of the labor movement. Lena events. Strike struggle in 1912-1914. Legal labor organizations. Peasant movement. Revolutionary actions in the army and navy. National liberation movement.

IV State Duma. Party composition and Duma factions. Activities of the Duma. Formation of the bourgeois progressive party.

Political crisis in Russia on the eve of the war.

TOPIC 33. FOREIGN POLICY OF RUSSIA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY.

Foreign policy of tsarism in Europe, the Near and Middle East at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries.

Exacerbation of contradictions between the imperialist powers in the Far East. Far Eastern policy of Russia. Construction of the CER. Rent Port Arthur. Occupation of Manchuria. The struggle in the ruling circles of Russia on foreign policy issues. Diplomatic isolation of Russia.

Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 Plans and strengths of the parties. The course of military operations on land and at sea. A.N.Kuropatkin. S.O. Makarov. Battles of Liaoyang and the Shahe River. Defense of Port Arthur. Battle of Mukden. Tsushima. Portsmouth World. The reasons for Russia's defeat in the war. Society's attitude towards war.

Anglo-Russian Agreement of 1907 Formation of the Entente.

TOPIC 34. RUSSIA AND THE FIRST WORLD WAR. FEBRUARY REVOLUTION

Formation of the Entente. Entente and Triple Alliance. Preparing Russia for war. Reorganization of the army.

Annexation of Austria-Hungary Bosnia and Herzegovina. Sarajevo Murder. Origin and nature of the war. Russia's entry into the war. Attitude to the war in Russia and the world. Strategic forces and plans of the parties.

Progress of hostilities. 1914: East Prussian and Galician operations. 1915: Summer retreat of Russian troops. 1916: Brusilov breakthrough. The role of the Eastern Front in the First World War.

The Russian economy during the First World War. Strengthening Russia's economic and financial dependence on the Entente. Economic crisis.

Activation of public organizations. Zemstvo Union and Union of Cities. Worker and peasant movement in 1915-1916. Revolutionary movement in the army and navy. The growth of anti-war sentiment. Formation of the bourgeois opposition. Progressive block. Crisis at the top.

Exacerbation of socio-political contradictions in the country in January-February 1917. The beginning, prerequisites and nature of the revolution of the February Revolution. Uprising in Petrograd. Formation of the Petrograd Soviet. Temporary Committee of the State Duma. Provisional government. Abdication of Nicholas II. Dual power.

TOPIC 35. RUSSIAN CULTURE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY.

Literature of the Silver Age. Realism (I.A. Bunin, M. Gorky), romanticism (M. Gorky), symbolism (I.F. Annensky, A.A. Blok), etc. currents.

Architecture. Modern (F.O. Shekhtel), neoclassicism (R.I. Klein), pseudo-Russian style (A.V. Shchusev).

Painting. Magazine “World of Art” (L.S. Bakst, K.A. Somov, A.N. Benois).

Theater. Creation of the Moscow Art Theater (K.S. Stanislavsky).

The science. Russian religious philosophy (V.S. Solovyov, N.A. Berdyaev, S.N. Bulgakov).

TOPIC 36. FROM FEBRUARY TO OCTOBER.

The policy of the Provisional Government regarding war and peace, on agrarian, national, and labor issues. Relations between the Provisional Government and the Soviets. Arrival of V.I. Lenin in Petrograd. Strengthening dual power.

Political parties (Kadets, Socialist Revolutionaries, Mensheviks, Bolsheviks): political programs, influence among the masses.

Crises of the Provisional Government (April, June, July). Kornilov rebellion. The growth of revolutionary sentiment among the masses. Bolshevization of the capital's Soviets.

TOPIC 37. VICTORY OF THE OCTOBER REVOLUTION AND THE FIRST STEPS OF THE SOVIET STATE

Causes of the October Revolution. Preparation and conduct of an armed uprising in Petrograd. II All-Russian Congress of Soviets. Decrees on peace and land. Formation of government and management bodies.

Victory of the armed uprising in Moscow. Suppression of the Kerensky-Krasnov rebellion near Petrograd. Vikzhel's ultimatum. The transition of the army to the side of Soviet power, “Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia.”

Constituent Assembly: its convocation and dispersal. III All-Russian Congress of Soviets. Merger of the Soviets. "Declaration of the Rights of Working and Exploited People." Proclamation of Soviet Russia as a federation.

Nationalization. Solving peasant, worker and women's issues. Church and State. Economic tasks of the Soviet government in the spring of 1918 Introduction of food dictatorship.

Exit from the world war. Negotiations with the countries of the German bloc. Disagreements within the Soviet leadership and the Bolshevik Party on the issue of peace. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, its terms and significance.

The revolt of the left Socialist Revolutionaries and the collapse of the two-party system in Russia. V All-Russian Congress of Soviets. The first Soviet Constitution.

TOPIC 38. CIVIL WAR AND INTERVENTION 1918-1920.

Causes of intervention and civil war. Revolt of the White Czechs. Events on the Eastern and Southern Fronts in the summer - autumn of 1918. Soviet Russia is surrounded by fronts. Turning the country into a military camp. Military-political organization of anti-Soviet forces. Annulment of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty.

Formation of new Soviet republics in 1918-1919. Their connections with the RSFSR. The fall of Soviet power in the Baltic states. Military operations in 1919-1920. Military Union of Soviet Republics. The fight against the armed forces of Kolchak, Denikin, Yudenich. Soviet-Polish war. Riga Peace Treaty. Liberation of Crimea. The establishment of Soviet power in Transcaucasia and the formation of new Soviet republics in 1920-1921. Victory of Soviet power in the Far East. Economic Union of the Republics.

Domestic policy of the Soviet leadership during the war. "War communism". GOELRO plan. Creation of autonomous republics within the RSFSR.

TOPIC 39. THE SOVIET STATE DURING THE NEP PERIOD (1921–END 1920s)

Foreign policy. Treaties with border countries. Diplomatic Union of Soviet Republics. Russia's participation in the Genoa, Hague, Moscow and Lausanne conferences. Diplomatic recognition of the USSR by the main capitalist countries.

Domestic policy. Socio-economic and political crisis of the early 1920s. Famine 1921-1922 "Antonovschina". Kronstadt rebellion. Transition to a new economic policy. Tax in kind. NEP in the field of agriculture, trade, industry. Financial reform. Economic recovery. Crises during the NEP period and ways to overcome them.

TOPIC 40. CREATION OF THE USSR

“Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia” and the collapse of the territory of the Russian Empire. The establishment of Soviet regimes in Ukraine, Belarus and Transcaucasia. Cooperation of the Soviet republics during the Civil War and the first years of peace. Lenin's and Stalin's projects for the creation of the USSR. I Congress of Soviets of the USSR. Constitution of the USSR. Union and republican authorities.

Nation-state building in the 20s. Annexation of the Baltic republics in 1939-40.

TOPIC 41. COLLECTIVIZATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION (LATE 1920s - 1930s)

Exacerbation of the food issue. The problem of grain procurements. Curtailment of the NEP. The need for industrialization. Sources of accumulation. Collectivization.

The working class and the construction of collective farms. Dispossession. Elimination of the kulaks as a class. Formation of the collective farm peasantry. Second Congress of Collective Farmers. Consolidation of the collective farm system.

Decline in agricultural production. Famine 1932-1933

Industrialization. Development and implementation of the first five-year plans. Socialist competition. New cities, enterprises and industries. Growth in the number of the working class and technical intelligentsia. Industrial and agricultural production in the mid and second half of the 1930s.

D.S. Bortnyansky, V.A. Pashkevich).

A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, N.V. Gogol.
S.G. Nechaev and Nechaevism. Creation of the Russian section of the First International.
P.L. Lavrov. P.N. Tkachev). Walking among the people. Populist organizations of the early 1870s. "Land and Freedom" of the 1870s. "People's Will" and "Black Redistribution". Assassination of Alexander II on March 1, 1881 The collapse of Narodnaya Volya.

TOPIC 42. USSR IN THE 1930S.

Establishment of personal power of I.V. Stalin. Intra-party struggle. Political repression. The trials of Kamenev, Zinoviev, Bukharin. Repression in the army. Formation of the nomenklatura as a layer of managers. Stalin's regime and the USSR Constitution of 1936 "A short course on the history of the CPSU (b)."

Preparing for war. Construction of backup enterprises. Growth of military production. Emergency measures in the field of labor legislation. Measures to solve the grain problem. Armed forces. The growth of the Red Army. Military reform. Repressions against the command cadres of the Red Army and the Red Army.

TOPIC 43. FOREIGN POLICY OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE 1920S - MID-1930S.

"Strip of recognition of the USSR." The aggravation of the international position of the USSR in the second half of the 1920s. Severance of diplomatic relations with Great Britain and China. Conflict on the Chinese Eastern Railway. Foreign trade difficulties of the USSR in the early 1930s.

Strengthening the international position of the USSR in the first half of the 30s. Joining the League of Nations. Attempts to create a system of collective security. Treaties with France, Czechoslovakia. Aid to Republican Spain and China. Military conflicts with Japan.

Anglo-French-Soviet negotiations 1939 The Molotov-Ribbentrop Non-Aggression Pact and the Treaty of Friendship and Borders between the USSR and Germany. Neutrality Pact between the USSR and Japan. The entry of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus into the USSR. Soviet-Finnish war. Inclusion of the Baltic republics and other territories into the USSR. Strengthening the Far Eastern borders.

TOPIC 44. SOVIET CULTURE 1917-1940s.

Creation of cultural management bodies. People's Commissariat for Education. Proletkult. Elimination of mass illiteracy. Construction of a Soviet secondary school. School reform of the 30s. Transition to universal compulsory education. Construction of a Soviet higher school. Work schools. Changes in the social composition of students. New universities. Formation of the Soviet intelligentsia. Soviet power and the intelligentsia.

Communist Academy. Reform of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. VASKHNIL. Scientific achievements and discoveries. Scientific discussions. Politicization of science.

Literature. A.N. Tolstoy. S.A. Yesenin. V.V. Mayakovsky. M.A. Sholokhov. Children's literature: A. Gaidar.

Architecture. I.V. Zholtovsky. A.V. Shchusev. Works by Sh.E. Le Corbusier.

Painting. K.S. Petrov-Vodkin, M.B. Grekov, M.V. Nesterov, P.D. Corinne.

Sculpture. A.N. Andreev, S.D. Merkurov, S.A. Evseev, V.E. Tatlin.

Science and education. Educational program. Restructuring science. K.A. Timiryazev, I.P. Pavlov.

Theater and cinema. Searches for a new theater (E.V. Vakhtangov, V.E. Meyerhold). Soviet cinema: S.A. Eisenstein, Vasiliev brothers, G. Alexandrov.

TOPIC 45. THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR (1941-1945)

Periodization of the Great Patriotic War. The initial stage of the war. Creation of an anti-Hitler coalition. Military defeats 1941-1942 and their reasons. Militia. Moscow battle. A radical turning point in the course of the war. Battles of Stalingrad and Kursk. Battle of the Dnieper. Liberation of the country from the Nazi invaders. Military operations of the armed forces of the USSR in Eastern and Central Europe. Battle for Berlin. Surrender of Nazi Germany. Participation of the USSR in the war with Japan.

Partisan and underground movement during the war.

Soviet rear during the war. Restructuring the economy on a war footing. Evacuation of productive forces to the East. Growth of military production. The contribution of science to the military economy. Difficulties in agricultural production. Deportation of peoples. Cultural figures in the fight against fascism.

Human and material losses during the war.

Declaration of the United Nations. The problem of the second front. "Big Three" conferences. Problems of post-war peace settlement and comprehensive cooperation. USSR and UN.

TOPIC 46. USSR IN THE MID-1940s - EARLY 1950s.

The USSR and the new balance of power in the international arena. The beginning of the Cold War. Soviet position on the German question. The USSR's contribution to the creation of the “socialist camp”. CMEA education.

Restoration of the national economy. Drought 1946 Difficulties of agriculture. Cancellation of the card system. Currency reform.

Social and political life. Re-election of the Soviets. Policy in the field of science and culture. Continued repression. "Leningrad case". Campaign against cosmopolitanism. "The Doctors' Case" Death of I.V. Stalin.

TOPIC 47. SOVIET SOCIETY IN THE MIDDLE 1950S - THE FIRST HALF OF THE 1960S. N.S. KHRUSHCHEV

Domestic policy:

Political struggle after the death of I.V. Stalin. XX Congress of the CPSU and condemnation of the personality cult of Stalin. Rehabilitation of victims of repression and deportation. Expanding the rights of the union republics. Internal party struggle in the second half of the 50s. Course towards the construction of communism, XXII Congress of the CPSU. Social movement. "Thaw".

Socio-economic development: the grain problem and measures to solve it. Easing the situation of the collective farm peasantry. Exacerbation of food difficulties in the USSR. Voluntarism. A course to accelerate scientific and technological progress and chemicalization of the national economy. Reform of industrial and construction management. Housing construction.

Foreign policy:

Creation of the Department of Internal Affairs. Entry of Soviet troops into Hungary. Exacerbation of Soviet-Chinese relations. Split of the “socialist camp”. Soviet-American relations and the Cuban missile crisis. USSR and third world countries. Reduction in the size of the armed forces of the USSR. Moscow Treaty on the Limitation of Nuclear Tests.

TOPIC 48. USSR IN THE MID-1960s - EARLY 1980s. "THE AGE OF STAGNATION"

Domestic policy:

Kosygin reform. Transformation of the economic space of the USSR into a single national economic complex. Industry, agriculture. Non-Black Earth Development Program. Food program for the 1980s. and the reasons for its failure. Increasing difficulties in economic development. Declining rates of socio-economic growth.

Constitution of the USSR 1977 The concept of “developed socialism”. Social and political life of the USSR in the 1970s - early 1980s.

Foreign policy:

Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. Consolidation of post-war borders in Europe. Moscow Treaty with Germany. Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE). Soviet-American treaties of the 1970s. Soviet-Chinese relations. Entry of Soviet troops into Czechoslovakia and Afghanistan. Exacerbation of international tension and the USSR. Strengthening Soviet-American confrontation in the early 1980s.

TOPIC 49. USSR In 1985-1991.

Domestic policy:

An attempt to accelerate the socio-economic development of the country. Exacerbation of the economic crisis. A course towards restructuring the political and economic systems. Reforming the political system of Soviet society. Congresses of People's Deputies. Election of the President of the USSR. Multi-party system. Exacerbation of the political crisis. Concepts of transition to the market.

Exacerbation of the national question. Attempts to reform the national-state structure of the USSR. Republican separatism. Declaration of State Sovereignty of the RSFSR. Election of the President of the RSFSR. "Novoogaryovsky process". Collapse of the USSR. Creation of the CIS.

Foreign policy:

Soviet-American relations and the problem of disarmament. Agreements with leading capitalist countries. Withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan. Changing relations with the countries of the socialist community. Collapse of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and the Warsaw Pact Organization. Withdrawal of Soviet troops from Europe and Asia. Normalization of relations with China.

TOPIC 50. CULTURE OF THE USSR AND RUSSIA AT THE LATE 1940s-2000s. KEY TRENDS

The Great Patriotic War and Soviet culture.

Literature. Front-line poets (N. Mayorov, K. Simonov, A. Tvardovsky and others). Children's literature (K.Ya. Chukovsky, S.Ya. Marshak, S.V. Mikhalkov). B.L. Pasternak, A.N. Rybakov, D. Granin, A.I. Solzhenitsyn, F. Iskander. “Village prose” (V. Astafiev, V. Rasputin, V. Shukshin). Appearance of an original song: B. Okudzhava, V. Vysotsky. Postmodern literature: A. Sinyavsky, V. Erofeev. Fantastic. Author's song, bards. Military themes in post-war literature.

Soviet architecture of the post-war period. High-rise buildings. Standard construction.

Painting. The first congresses of artists of the USSR and Russia. "Bulldozer Exhibition"

Sculpture. N.V. Tomsky, E.V. Vuchetich. New trends: M.M. Shemyakin.

Music. S.S. Prokofiev, D.D. Shostakovich. M.L. Rostropovich.

Theater. G.A. Tovstonogov, Yu.P. Lyubimov. "Contemporary".

Cinema. G.A. Alexandrov, M.I. Romm, A.M. Room, S.F. Bondarchuk, L. Gaidai, N.S. Mikhalkov and others.

Science and education. Achievements in the field of physics, chemistry, biology, etc. Lag in cybernetics, genetics, etc. Development of new industries (space exploration).

TOPIC 51. RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN 1992-2000. RUSSIA AT THE CURRENT STAGE

Domestic policy:

Economics: “Shock therapy”: price liberalization, privatization. Fall in production. Increased social tension. Inflation. Ruble denomination. Financial crisis of August 1998 Stabilization and growth of the national economy.

Political sphere: Confrontation between the executive and legislative branches. October events of 1993 Abolition of local bodies of Soviet power. Elections to the Federal Assembly. Constitution of the Russian Federation 1993 Formation of a presidential republic. Parliamentary elections 1995 1996 presidential elections Power and opposition. Parliamentary elections 1999 and early presidential elections in 2000 Russia and Chechnya.

Foreign policy:

Russia in the CIS. Participation of Russian troops in “hot spots” of the neighboring countries: Moldova, Georgia, Tajikistan. Union of Russia and Belarus. Relations between Russia and foreign countries. Withdrawal of Russian troops from Europe and neighboring countries. Russian-American agreements. Russia and NATO. Russia and the Council of Europe. Yugoslav crises (1999-2000) and Russia’s position. Participation of the Russian Federation in the fight against international terrorism.