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What are the vaccines for coronavirus and what are their differences
Miscellaneous / / August 01, 2021
Important information about the principle of action and effectiveness of the most famous drugs for COVID-19.
"Sputnik V" ("Gam-COVID-Vak")
Who is the developer
NITsEM them. N. F. Gamalei, Russia.
What kind of vaccine
Vector adenovirus.
How it works
Vector vaccines are produced on the basis of carrier viruses (they are also called vectorsUnderstanding Viral Vector COVID ‑ 19 Vaccines / CDC). Scientists "clean out" pathogenic components from the original virus, harmless to humans, and in their place they install a recognizable part of another virus - the one against which the vaccine is directed.
In Sputnik V, the vector isHow Adenovirus Vector Vaccines Work / Sputnik V adenovirus. In its normal state, this pathogen can cause at most a mild cold. But since he was cut off from the opportunity for reproduction, he is only able to deliver a piece of coronavirus into the cells of the body. In particular, the gene encoding the S ‑ protein of the coronavirus “spike”. Having received the gene, the cells reproduce "thorns". The immune system detects the appearance of an unfamiliar element and begins to produce
antibodies to destroy it.When one day a real active coronavirus enters the body, the immune system instantly recognizes it by the already familiar "thorns". And he will try to quickly destroy the invader.
How to administer the vaccine
Twice at intervals of 21 days.
What is the efficiency
91,6%. This information was announcedDenis Y. Logunov, Inna V. Dolzhikova, Dmitry V. Shcheblyakov, Amir I. Tukhvatulin, Olga V. Zubkova, Alina S. Dzharullaeva, et al. Safety and efficacy of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector ‑ based heterologous prime ‑ boost COVID ‑ 19 vaccine: an interim analysis of a randomized controlled phase 3 trial in Russia / The Lancet in the international magazine The Lancet. This is how the risk of getting sick decreases already 21 days after the first dose of the drug.
What else you need to know about the vaccine
Sputnik V is the most studied of the Russian vaccines. Its effectiveness and safety is confirmed by statisticalStatement for healthcare professionals: How COVID-19 vaccines are regulated for safety and effectiveness / WHO data and publications in authoritative publications.
"EpiVacCorona"
Who is the developer
State Research Center "Vector", Russia.
What kind of vaccine
Synthetic peptide.
How it works
Such vaccines consistWeidang Li, Medha D. Joshi, Smita Singhania, Kyle H. Ramsey, and Ashlesh K. Murthy. Peptide Vaccine: Progress and Challenges / Vaccines from artificially synthesized pieces (fragments) of a viral protein - they are called peptides. EpiVacCoron uses parts of the S-protein of the coronavirus as peptides. They are placed on a carrier protein and fixed with excipients. Details on the composition of the vaccine can be found on the Rospotrebnadzor websiteVaccine for the prevention of COVID-19 / Rospotrebnadzor, to which the research center "Vector" is subordinated.
Thanks to peptides, the immune system knows what it looks like virus. And when infected, it will actively respond to it.
How to administer the vaccine
Twice with an interval of 2-3 weeks.
What is the efficiency
94%. But this is the data of the developers. Today there are no publications in international journals in which the stated figures would be confirmed.
What else you need to know about the vaccine
Some Russian experts doubt that EpiVacCorona is working. For example, a virologist, an employee of the Institute. Gamalei Anatoly Altshtein calledAnatoly Altshtein: "The use of" EpiVacCorona "must be stopped before checking" / Novye Izvestia stop vaccination with this drug. The reason is that many of the volunteers who participated in the EpiVacCorona tests did not find antibodies in their blood. Manufacturers explain it this way: only special ELISA tests “SARS ‑ CoV ‑ 2 ‑ IgG ‑ Vector” can detect immunoglobulins after vaccination.
"KoviVak"
Who is the developer
Research Center for Research and Development of Immunobiological Preparations named after Chumakov, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia.
What kind of vaccine
Inactivated.
How it works
Unlike other Russian vaccines, KoviVac contains not pieces, but a whole coronavirus. Only he is “killed” (inactivated) - that is, he is deprived of the opportunity to multiply and infect cells. However, the immune system still recognizes it as a pathogen and thus trains itself to repel the attack.
How to administer the vaccine
Two doses 2 weeks apart.
What is the efficiency
90%. This reduces the risk of getting sick 21 days after the second dose of the drug. This was reported byThe Chumakov Center evaluated the effectiveness of their COVID vaccine at 90% / Interfax head of the Chumakov Center Aidar Ishmukhametov. However, there is still no evidence of effectiveness, which would have been published in international scientific journals.
What else you need to know about the vaccine
Clinical trials of "KoviVac" are still going on. Their third phase started only in mid-June. SupposedClinical Trials Permit Registry [RCT] / State Register of Medicinesthat research will be completed by the end of 2022.
Pfizer / BioNTech
Who is the developer
Pfizer, Inc. (USA) and BioNTech (Germany).
What kind of vaccine
Based on mRNA technology.
How it works
mNRK vaccines do not inject either part of the viruses or pathogens into the cells of the body. They only deliverUnderstanding mRNA COVID ‑ 19 Vaccines / CDC the so-called messenger RNA (mRNA, or messenger RNA, mRNADifferent types of COVID-19 / WHO vaccines).
This matrix contains information about the composition of the S-protein of the coronavirus. Once inside the cell, mRNA makes it produce this very protein. The body fixes an unfamiliar structure and learns to produce antibodies to the "spikes" of the coronavirus. When the real infection takes place the immune system will be ready to repel the attack.
How to administer the vaccine
Two doses 21 days apart.
What is the efficiency
92% or moreSara E. Oliver, Julia W. Gargano, Mona Marin, Megan Wallace, et al. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices ’Interim Recommendation for Use of Pfizer ‑ BioNTech COVID ‑ 19 Vaccine - United States, December 2020 / CDC.
What else you need to know about the vaccine
According toCoronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccinations / Our World In Data international statistical resource Open World in Data, it is the most popular vaccine in Europe and the USA. Thus, the effectiveness and safety of Pfizer / BioNTech has been studied in the largest number of people.
The drug is not yet available in Russia.
Moderna
Who is the developer
ModernaTX, Inc. (USA).
What kind of vaccine
Based on mRNA technology.
How it works
The technology behind Moderna is similar toModerna COVID-19 Vaccine Overview and Safety / CDC Pfizer / BioNTech. The vaccine delivers the spike matrix of the coronavirus to the body and forces the cells to produce proteins in a specified pattern. The immune system learns to respond to these unfamiliar elements and make antibodies.
How to administer the vaccine
Twice with an interval of 28 days.
What is the efficiency
HigherEverything you need to know about COVID ‑ 19 vaccines / The official journal of the Royal Pharmaceutical society 90%.
What else you need to know about the vaccine
Like Pfizer / BioNTech, Moderna is not available in the RF.
Oxford / AstraZeneca
Who is the developer
University of Oxford (UK), AstraZeneca (Sweden).
What kind of vaccine
Vector adenovirus.
How it works
The principle of operation is the same as that of Sputnik V. Except for one nuance. The vector, that is, the carrier virus, in AstraZeneca is not a human adenovirus, but a chimpanzeeIs it true? Does the Oxford / AstraZeneca vaccine contain animal DNA? / Australian Government. Department of Health. The developers justify this choice by the assumption that primate adenovirus stimulates a stronger immune response.
How to administer the vaccine
Two doses at intervalsThe Oxford / AstraZeneca COVID ‑ 19 vaccine: what you need to know / WHO 8-12 weeks.
What is the efficiency
82,4%. It should be recalled here that effectiveness is how much the likelihood of symptoms after infection is reduced. In terms of the risks of hospitalization and death due to COVID-19, AstraZeneca worksEverything you need to know about COVID ‑ 19 vaccines / The official journal of the Royal Pharmaceutical society 100%.
What else you need to know about the vaccine
In the spring of 2021, AstraZeneca had an unpleasant side effect: the vaccine sometimes causesStatement for healthcare professionals: How COVID-19 vaccines are regulated for safety and effectiveness / WHO to a deadly complication - thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome This is the name of the unusual blood clotting syndrome, which combines the formation of blood clots and a low platelet count. . Such cases are extremely rare: 10-15 per million doses. Therefore, in general, AstraZeneca is recognized as a safe option. However, the British Joint Committee on Vaccines and Immunizations recommendedPeople under 40 years should be offered alternative to Oxford / AstraZeneca vaccine, says advisory body / The official journal of the Royal Pharmaceutical society people under the age of 40 to be vaccinated with some alternative drug.
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Ekaterina Komissarova
Author and editor of articles on health, psychology, sexology. I have been working in medical journalism for over 15 years. I rely on the principles of docmed, love and know how to search and analyze relevant research in world scientific journals. I try to write about the most complex diseases in a simple and accessible way. I believe that understanding the mechanism of the development of the disease means taking the first step towards recovery.
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