20 cognitive biases that affect your decisions

A Life / by admin / December 19, 2019

1. anchor effect

People often value something based on the initial value. In the negotiations on the amount of salary the one who will offer the first, sets a series of probabilities in the mind of another person. The same principle works sales: you see the thing that used to cost $ 100, and now costs 50. No matter what 50 rubles - this inflated price, you could not help comparing it with the original price of 100 rubles. And the more of a difference to the initial value, the better it seems to us to buy and the more value gets this product.

2. availability heuristic

People exaggerate the importance of the information coming from them. A person can argue the lack of harm of smoking that he knew someone who smoked three packs a day and lived to be 100 years old.

3. herd effect

The probability that a person will take some persuasion, is increased if this belief is supported by a large number of people. This is the power of groupthink. It is because it most meetings They are not productive.

4. blind spot effect

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The inability to recognize that you have a cognitive distortion - is also a cognitive bias. People often notice erratic behavior and the motives of others than in ourselves.

5. Distorted perception of the choice made

We tend to positively evaluate their choice, even if it was wrong. This is similar to a situation where you think that your dog is wonderful, even if she kept biting people.

6. clustering illusion

This tendency to see the system in random events, where it is actually not. This notice can be misleading, if the watch gamblers. For example, when someone is convinced that red on the roulette falls more or less likely if the red fell before several times.

7. confirmation bias

We tend to listen to the information that confirms our point of view and ignore that which denies it.

8. conservative mind

We believe more time-tested claims than the new one. For example, people do not just accept the fact that Earth is roundBecause they did not want to abandon the earlier version of its flat shape.

9. information distortion

This tendency to seek out information when it does not affect the action. A lot of information - not always good. Knowing less, people often make more accurate predictions.

10. The effect of ostrich

The decision to ignore the dangerous or unpleasant information, burying its head in the sand like an ostrich. For example, investors are much less likely to check the value of its assets at the time of poor sales.

11. The deviation in the direction of the result

The tendency to judge the decision on the final result, rather than to evaluate it on the basis of the circumstances of the moment of its adoption. Just because you have won at the casino, we can not say that the decision to put all the money was right.

12. The effect of over-reliance

Overconfidence in their abilities to lead us to the risks of everyday life. Professionals are more prone to this distortion than non-professionals, as they are usually convinced that they are right.

13. Placebo effect

Simple belief that something affects you, because it has such an effect. An example of medicine: tablets fake, dummy, often affect people the same effect as the real thing.

14. The distortion of perception of innovation

When supporters of innovation tend to overestimate their usefulness and not notice the limitations.

15. The illusion of novelty

The tendency to consider new information more important than the old data. Investors often assume that sales will go the way they are today, which leads to a short-sighted decision.

16. Salientnost

The tendency to focus on the easily recognizable features and characteristics of a person or idea. When you think about death, you are more worried about the possibility of being eaten by a lion than an automobile accident, although, according to statistics, the second event is more likely.

17. selective perception

The tendency to allow their expectations to influence the way we perceive the world. Experiment during a football match between students of the two universities has shown that each team notice more violations in the other.

18. stereotyping

Waiting for that unknown to us, a group or a person has certain qualities. This allows us to quickly identify strangers into friends or enemies, but at the same time, we tend to overuse this effect.

19. error survivor

An error occurs due to the fact that we only know the information obtained from the "survivors", which leads to one-sided assessment of the situation. For example, we may think that being an entrepreneur is easy, because the books of his business produced only by people who have achieved success, and we know nothing about those who failed.

20. zero risk preference

Sociologists have found that it is very important to us the reliability, even if it is to achieve counterproductive. The desire to eliminate all of the risks leads to the achievement of the results of small, although it was possible to move on to something more, but without a predictable outcome.