10 semantic errors that interfere with understanding each other, and how to avoid them
Forming / / December 19, 2019
The contradiction itself, the wording vague and unintelligible words may confuse interlocutor.
semantic errors appear in speech various reasonsBut more often due to the fact that the speaker uses the word in the wrong sense, misses an important semantic link or fail to build sentences.
The largest group of semantic errors ㅡ alogismsIe breach the laws of logic (Identity noncontradiction and sufficient base). Besides alogisms found and other options, such as blurred thoughts, and inanity unclear speech. Here are 10 types of errors that prevent us from understanding each other.
The most common semantic errors
1. Comparison of different signs
The Rose bakery expensive, but then close the Blue.
Due to the passage of the semantic link turns out that compared the price with the location. It is better to say "in a pink bakery expensive, but in the Blue cheaper besides it here close."
Compare items needed for the same groundsTo the other party can make the right output (Ie round can be compared with a square, but not orange).
2. Skipping from topic to topic
Now schools went quarantines: Circle flu, SARS. Epidemic situation unfavorable. And May is not far off! When the time to program?
In this example, the logical leap: from quarantine jumped in May, and from it - in the school curriculum. He emerged from behind the passage of the semantic level: because of the quarantine in schools do not have time to go through the necessary program you need to know when preparing for final certification at the end of the school year, which is quite Soon, in May.
law of identity He said that the text should keep the unity of the topic. Respectively, violation of the law of identity - unprepared transition from one subject to another question, sharp Topics changeThat does not justify the expectations of the reader. This is acceptable in a friendly conversation, but not in business.
3. contradicts itself
Tonight? Yes, I can meet. Until tomorrow, I'll see you.
From this message, the recipient does not understand, but when you need to meet. Obviously, a mistake was made by chance, but were introduced two statements - "I'll see you today" and "I'll see you tomorrow," although in this context, they are mutually exclusive.
Using mutually exclusive statements interlocutor leads to confusion, because he does not understand what is considered true.
4. The lack of the necessary substantiation
We're not going into this trip. And what is there to do?
In this business correspondence better explain the refusal by the fact that this trip is not profitable or do not need it.
"Because so» ㅡ this violation law of sufficient reason. Violators leave interlocutors questions: "How then are you talking about, related to each other," "Why so?". The hallmark of this alogism ㅡ unfounded assertion. Avoid this simple: non-obvious ideas have to argue. This makes it compelling for interlocutor.
5. Blurred wording
For recovery of the patient requires a sufficient amount of water and light food. After a while, you need to see a doctor.
Here, in general, everything is clear, but lacks specifics: how many liters of water will be enough, what food is considered light and the number of days to see a doctor?
If the thought is not thought out and expressed in generalities, without the necessary details and updates, the wording is blurry. It can be very confusing to whom addressed.
6. Junk ambiguity
Paramedic taken away the woman to the hospital in a state of alcoholic intoxication.
Who was drunk: nurse or the patient? It turns out that the speaker can be understood in two ways - due to improperly constructed sentences.
So there is an undesirable ambiguity. And she attracts for a speculation, refining and waste of time.
7. unknown words
We need to Shura klopik, F-profiles to attach.
Here everything is clear, if you know that Shura - a screwdriver, ê - small screws with a convex cap, and F-profile - material for the installation of plastic windows. But for ordinary people building jargon It makes understanding difficult.
If used unfamiliar interlocutor (terms, jargon), It can absolutely not understand what to say.
8. unintended pun
As in the joke:
Before Shtirlitsa never came a letter from the Center. It did not come, though he read it again.
Unintended pun - a situation where the phrase occurs two meanings: the first - the one that conceived by the author, and the second - an unplanned, which appeared due to the errors of speech.
9. chatter
Transfusion from a sieve instead of informative talks, idle chatter during the consultation before the exam - all this hollowness speechesThat is, the exchange of information, in which the addressee is nothing new, but it is already known or heard of insignificance.
This semantic error is dispersed attention and boredom interlocutor. It is easy to eliminate by reporting significant and / or new data at the beginning of the conversation, as far as possible, avoid explanations for granted things.
10. unnecessary repetition
The report should indicate the results of practice. That is, we do not care how you do, and what did the results. The dry residue. What you end up here? This must be described in the report.
Obviously, in this example, repeated many times, to draw attention to the idea. But here it can be a single sentence: "I emphasize: the main thing - to describe the result."
If repetition is used for emphasis, it is best to add additional meaning (and use it as a argument) Or specify the new details.
By useless tautology can be attributed and quite harmless phrases, in which one word duplicates the meaning of the second: the best, the clenched fist, a souvenir, a colleague at work.
How to avoid semantic errors
Try to be logical
- Do not jump abruptly from topic to topic: better to talk about something one, and then move to another. If a written interview to discuss several topics at once, separate the paragraphs or place different messages.
- Compare objects and phenomena on the basis of one (for example, price or color).
- Do not use a true two mutually exclusive statements.
- Justifying non-obvious things.
Explain important points so that you understand clearly
- Avoid clutter of subordinate clauses - people are confused about the long statements. It is better to convey an important idea a couple-three short sentences.
- Use those words whose meaning is known. If it seems that other people do not know some of the terms or slangBetter explain what you're saying, or choose standard notation.
- In the case when used word has several meanings, ask what you have in mind (if it is not clear from the context). For example, to analyze - to spread things, to analyze, to tell the subject to hear, see, explore, unscrewed, sort and another.
- Do not miss the semantic links in the conversation, if the conclusion is important for further arguments in an interview.
Be interesting to talk
- Lower the description is simple - to put it simply, do not let the word captain obviousness.
- In the business conversation, choose a major and / or new information: it is necessary to bring in the first place.
- Avoid frequent repetition without adding a new meaning. They may be a consideration from a different viewpoint or comparison.
Semantic errors are often found in speech and correspondence, we got used to it and focus our attention only when experiencing difficulty with perception of meaning. But it is possible to reduce the number of such defects simple way: to follow the laws of logic, talk in the case and explained so that you understand clearly.
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