What tests and vaccinations are needed in different periods of life

What can I do for regular maintenance

Once a year, a flu shot

It seems that this is not such a serious disease, but every year in the world, it becomes a cause of deathFlu. WHO Newsletter up to 650 thousand people. Millions more are hospitalized because of severe course of influenza, although it could be prevented by making the vaccine.

It should be done once a year to all people older than 6 months. Exception - the presence of a rare allergy to the vaccine. Learn more about when to vaccinate, how it works and who wish to avoid, read here.

Once a year (or more often) to be tested for sexually transmitted infections

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), affect millions of people each year. And among the most common diseases (chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, HIV) in the early stages do not have pronounced symptoms.

This is especially dangerous because the carrier can infect a partner without knowing it. Untreated infections can lead to serious complications, including inflammation of internal organs and infertility.

Therefore it is extremely important time for tests:

• Everyone who leads a sexual life - for the best time in a year common STIs: Syphilis, chlamydia, gonorrhea and HIV.
• Those who frequently change partners, engaged in unprotected sex or using intravenous drugs - every 3-6 months.
• Women in early pregnancy - additional tests for HIV, hepatitis B and syphilis.

Just check blood pressure in a year

High blood pressure (hypertension) - one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Among the preventable causes of heart attack and stroke it just overtakes smoking. Pressure is very easy to follow. It can be checked at any hospital or at home, if you get a tonometer.

Raising the threshold pressure for many years was considered a figure of 140/90 or higher, but in 2018 the American Heart Association changed the frame. Now the pressureWhat Is High Blood Pressure? above 130/80. The first figure - figure at the time of contraction of the heart, the second - at the time of relaxation.

If you have general good health, check the pressure once a year. If you are in a high probability of the group, the more likely. Risk factors: smoking and alcohol consumption, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, heredity.

Once you have noticed an increase, consult a specialist. In the early stages can prevent problems by changing diet and lifestyle, the later need medication.

Just donate blood sugar in 3 years

Chronically elevated blood sugar levels - an indicator diabetes. It can lead to serious consequences: stroke, heart attack, blindness, limb amputation, peripheral arterial disease.

One of the leading risk factors for developing diabetes - age. So after 45 years are advised to check blood sugar every 3 years. Before any analysis does not need to have 8 hours.

If you are in a high-risk group, check the sugar level once a year, even if you are under 45. Here are the main risk factors:

• Heredity;
• Excess weight and lack of physical activity;
• Hypertension;
• Significantly elevated cholesterol levels;
• Gestational diabetes (during pregnancy);
• polycystic ovarian syndrome.

Every 5 years Check Cholesterol

heightened cholesterol associated with cardiovascular disease, so it is very important for them to follow. The American Heart Association advisesHow To Get Your Cholesterol Tested do an analysis every 4-6 years after you turned 20. Thus it is necessary to take into account indicators of LDL and HDL (high and low density lipoprotein cholesterol), total cholesterol and triglycerides.

Those who are at risk of cardiovascular disease, need to be checked more often - every 1-2 years. Here are the factors that increase the probability of the bad results of the analysis:

• Smoking;
• Diabetes;
• Excess weight;
• Insufficient physical activity;
• Age: for men - over 45 for women - over 55;
• Hereditary heart disease.

Once you pass booster against tetanus in 10 years

This is not the most common disease, because in developed countries away instill in early childhood. The causative bacteria can enter the body for cuts, wounds and scratches. Inside the body they develop and produce toxins that lead to painful muscle cramps. If they affect the respiratory or cardiovascular system, death can occur.

adults needAppendix № 1. National Immunization Schedule pass revaccination every 10 years. Exception - people who have ever experienced Guillain-Barre syndrome or a serious allergic reaction to a previous dose of tetanus vaccine.

What to do after 20

Get vaccinated against HPV (if you have not done it before)

Human papillomavirus (HPV) - primary reasonHuman Papilloma Virus. cervical cancer. HPV is transmitted primarily through sex, as well as through any physical contact, and household items. It is so widespread that the majority of men and women who are sexually active, at some point they are infected.

Most often, the immune system will cope with the virus, but a few strains can remain in the body and eventually cause genital warts (warts) and various types of cancer (Cancer of the pharynx, mouth, anus, vagina). Strains of HPV-16 and HPV-18 cause cervical cancer, so women vaccination can save lives.

Ideally, vaccination should be carried out in 12-13 years, before the start of sexual activity, but you can later. This is primarily true for women, but men also need immunization, to avoid the occurrence of genital warts and reduce the likelihood of certain types of cancer.

If you are a woman, every 3 years on the Pap onkotsitologiyu

It is necessary for early detection of pre-cancerous changes in the vagina and cervix. The frequency of treatments depends on the age:

• Women are advised to 21-29 yearsScreening Guidelines for the Prevention and Early Detection of Cervical Cancer held cytology every 3 years. Up to 21 years do not need it.
• From 30 to 65 years - once in 5 years Pap and HPV test.
• After 65 need a smear if you are in a high risk group (cervical cancer in the family, previous smear positive results).

What to do after 40

Begin screening for bowel cancer

recommendedColorectal cancer screening for average-risk adults undergo regular inspection to 45 and at least 75 years. Start with non-invasive methods (optional):

• Immunochemical examination of feces - annually;
• Analysis of fecal occult blood - annually;
• DNA analysis in stool - every 3 years.

After 50 pass more severe examination (optional):

• Colonoscopy - every 10 years;
• Virtual colonoscopy - every 5 years (held imaging of abdominal and groin, the procedure is less invasive as compared to conventional colonoscopy);
• Flexible sigmoidoscopy - once in 5 years.

If you are at high risk, should start before the survey 45 years. Here are the main hazards:

• Cases of cancer in the family bowel disease, a hereditary colon cancer syndrome;
• polyps;
• inflammatory bowel disease;
• Experience radiotherapy in abdominal and groin.

What to do after 50

Get vaccinated against shingles

These painful rash on the body may appear in any person who had chickenpox. After recovery, the virus remains dormant for years, but can occur when the immune system is weakened. Therefore, the risk increases with age.

And herpes lichen not just an unpleasant rash. It can lead to chronic pain, blindness, neuralgia, facial paralysis and hearing loss.

By depriving can protect vaccine. Now, there are two varieties: "Zostavaks» (Zostavax), acting for about three years, and more efficient "Shingriks» (Shingrix). vaccination is recommendedGet the new shingles vaccine if you are 50 or older all the people after 50 years with the exception of those who have weakened immune systems.

If you are a woman who regularly go through breast examination

Breast cancer - the most common cancer among women, so do not neglect regular surveys. Now recommend mammogramsFinal Recommendation Statement do every 2 years for women aged 50 to 75 years old.

Those who are at high risk, should start to be surveyed before 50. You fall into this category, if you have:

• cases breast cancer two close relatives of up to 50 years.
• Genetic mutations that increase the likelihood of breast cancer (the genes BRCA1 and BRCA2).

If you are a man, think about screening for prostate cancer

During screening checked blood marker called prostate-specific antigen (PSA). If there is cancer, the prostate produces it in large amounts.

However, the increase in PSA levels may be due to other factors not related to oncology. And false positives can lead to unnecessary treatment with serious side effects, including erectile dysfunction and incontinence.

So now men aged 55 to 69 years recommendedProstate Cancer: Screening to discuss the necessity of screening with their doctor. If you are in a high risk group (cases of the disease in the family), it is advisable to pass it to you. Otherwise - only if it is necessary in the opinion of a specialist.

For men older than 70 years the negative consequences of overtreatment outweigh the potential benefits. Therefore, after the screening of 70 do not need to spend.

What to do after 60

Check bone density

Osteoporosis - one of the main threats to health after 65 years. This reduction in bone density, because of which greatly increases the risk of fractures. People aged hardest suffer a hip fracture. He often leads to loss of independence, decreased quality of life and greatly increases mortality.

Risk particularly affects women, because their bones are smaller and thinner. Also, after menopause the female body decreases estrogen production. From this loss of bone density is accelerated.

Therefore, all women over 65 years is recommendedScreening to Prevent Osteoporotic Fractures check bone density by X-ray densitometer. This is a painless non-invasive procedure.

Women younger than 65 years have already gone through menopause, you should think about the study, if they are at risk. Hazards include:

• Smoking and alcohol consumption;
• Low body weight;
• Cases of osteoporosis in parents.

Men also suffer from this disease, though less often than women. Their bone density loss process is slower, and the effects are felt after 70 years. At this age they also should undergo densitometry. Especially those who are at high risk.

Get vaccinated against pneumonia

With age the immune system is weakened, so the body becomes more difficult to fight pathogens. As a result, older people are more vulnerable to various infections. Pneumonia (Pneumococcus) - one of the most dangerous among them. It is best to protect her from the vaccination, which should make all of whom are over 65 years old.

Do not forget that any vaccine can cause minor side effects, such as soreness and light swelling at the injection site. If the previous administration of the vaccine against pneumonia was the cause of a serious adverse reaction, discuss the need for a new immunization with their doctor.