NEW! Preparation course for the Unified State Exam in biology

Lesson 1: Biology as a Science

• Sections of biology
• Methods for studying biology
• Signs of living systems
• Levels of organization of living systems
• Examples of Unified State Examination tasks

Lesson 2: Cell structure

• Comparison of pro- and eukaryotic cells
• Cell organelles and their functions
• Relationship between structure and function
• Chemical composition of the cell
• Examples of Unified State Examination tasks

Lesson 3: Cell activity. Division

• Methods of cell division: mitosis, amitosis, binary fission, meiosis
• Mitosis and meiosis, stages and features
• Tasks on mitosis and meiosis
• Examples of Unified State Examination tasks

Lesson 4: Energy and plastic metabolism in the cell

• Breathing and Fermentation
• Photosynthesis: stages and features
• Chemosynthesis
• Examples of Unified State Examination tasks

Lesson 5: Genetic information in a cell

• Genetic code and its properties
• Structure of DNA, RNA
• Transcription and broadcast
• Problems to find the number of codons, nucleotides, amino acids
• Protein biosynthesis tasks
• Examples of Unified State Examination tasks

Lesson 6: Practical lesson. Solving problems on protein biosynthesis

• Tasks on finding the sequence of nucleotides, anticodons, corresponding tRNAs, and amino acid sequences

Lesson 7: Diversity of Organisms

• Overview of the living kingdoms
• Kingdom Bacteria
• Kingdom Viruses
• Kingdom Mushrooms, structure of lichens
• Examples of Unified State Examination tasks

Lesson 8: Botany. Plants

• Plant taxonomy
• Plant cell. Plant tissues
• Plant organs and their modifications
• Examples of Unified State Examination tasks

Lesson 9: Higher and lower plants

• Algae and their development cycles
• Mosses: structure, life cycle
• Mosses, horsetails, ferns: structure, life cycle
• Examples of Unified State Examination tasks

Lesson 10: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

• Aromorphoses of gymnosperms
• Reproduction of gymnosperms
• Aromorphoses of angiosperms
• Double fertilization and vegetative propagation
• Examples of Unified State Examination tasks

Lesson 11: Zoology. Unicellular and multicellular animals

• Sections of zoology, animal taxonomy
• Unicellular organisms: structure and vital functions
• Parasitic protozoa and diseases
• Sponges. Coelenterates. Echinoderms
• Examples of Unified State Examination tasks

Lesson 12: Worms, molluscs, arthropods

• Type Flatworms
• Type Roundworms
• Type Annelids
• Type Shellfish
• Phylum Arthropod
• Examples of Unified State Examination tasks

Lesson 13: Chordates

• general characteristics
• Taxonomy
• Superclass Pisces (Class Cartilaginous and Bony)
• Class Amphibians (Amphibians)
• Class Reptiles (Reptiles)
• Examples of Unified State Examination tasks

Lesson 14: Birds and Mammals

• Bird class
• Class Mammals
• Ecological groups of birds and mammals
• Evolution of chordate organ systems
• Examples of Unified State Examination tasks

Lesson 15: Human Anatomy

• Taxonomy of humans, features of chordates and mammals
• Human Sciences
• Human tissues and their features
• Musculoskeletal system
• Diseases and their prevention
• Examples of Unified State Examination tasks

Lesson 16: Internal environment of the body

• Blood, lymph, tissue fluid
• Circulatory system
• Lymphatic system
• Types of immunity, vaccines, serums
• Diseases, bleeding, first aid
• Examples of Unified State Examination tasks

Lesson 17: Respiratory, digestive, excretory systems

• Respiratory system
• Digestive system
• Metabolism and energy, vitamins and their role
• Excretory system
• Diseases
• Examples of Unified State Examination tasks

Lesson 18: Nervous and endocrine systems

• Classification of the nervous system, reflexes
• Structure and functions of the spinal cord and brain
• Analyzers: visual, auditory, gustatory
• Higher nervous activity
• Glands, hormones, diseases
• Examples of Unified State Examination tasks

Lesson 19: Reproduction and development of organisms

• Sexual and asexual reproduction: differences and evolutionary significance
• Gametogenesis and its stages
• Types of fertilization
• Embryonic and postembryonic development
• Ontogenesis and its inherent patterns
• Examples of Unified State Examination tasks

Lesson 20: Genetics

• Methods for studying genetics, genetic terminology
• Mendel's laws, problem solving
• “Non-Mendelian” segregation, other types of inheritance
• Practice oral solution of problems from the 1st part of the Unified State Exam

Lesson 21: Chromosomal theory of heredity. Gene linkage

• Linkage, Morganids, crossover and non-crossover gametes
• Examples of problem solving
• Sex-linked inheritance, pseudoautosomal inheritance
• Examples of problem solving

Lesson 22: Gene Interactions

• Interaction of allelic genes
• Solving problems on blood groups and Rh factor
• Interaction of nonallelic genes
• Solving problems on complementarity and epistasis

Lesson 23: Hereditary and non-hereditary variability

• Modification variability (reaction norm)
• Hereditary variability: mutational, combinative
• Types of mutations, mutagenic factors, induced mutagenesis
• Breeding and biotechnology
• Examples of Unified State Examination tasks

Lesson 24: Evolution

• Development of evolutionary ideas: Linnaeus, Lamarck, Darwin
• Factors of evolution, natural selection, types of struggle for existence
• Microevolution (methods of speciation), species, species criteria
• Macroevolution
• Biological progress and regression, aromorphosis, idioadaptation, degeneration
• Evidence of evolution: atavisms, rudiments, analogues, homologues
• Examples of Unified State Examination tasks

Lesson 25: Evolution of the Organic World

• Theories of the origin of life on earth
• Geochronological table. Problem solving
• Human evolution (anthropogenesis)
• Examples of Unified State Examination tasks

Lesson 26: Ecology

• Habitats of organisms
• Ecological factors: abiotic, biotic, their significance
• Ecological groups of plants and animals
• Anthropogenic factor
• Ecosystem (biogeocenosis) and its components: producers, consumers, decomposers, their role
• Agrocenoses and their features
• Examples of Unified State Examination tasks

Lesson 27: Ecosystems and their inherent patterns

• Species and spatial structure of the ecosystem
• Trophic levels
• Chains and power networks and their links
• Rules of the ecological pyramid
• Succession, stability and dynamics of ecosystems
• Examples of Unified State Examination tasks

Lesson 28: Biosphere and environmental problems

• Composition of the biosphere, substances of the biosphere
• The circulation of substances and its balance
• Biosphere resources
• Ecological problems
• Examples of Unified State Examination tasks

Lesson 29: Analysis of tasks from the 2nd part of the Unified State Exam

• Planning, conducting and analyzing the result of the experiment
• Analysis of text and graphic information
• Biological information analysis task

Lesson 30: Analysis of the training version of the Unified State Exam

• Solving Unified State Exam tasks