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Russian culture of the 10th - early 20th centuries - free course from Open Education, training 15 weeks, Date: December 4, 2023.
Miscellaneous / / December 07, 2023
Russian culture is a unique phenomenon of world civilization. For centuries, Russian writers, artists, and sculptors have created works that often have no analogues in the art of Europe or Asia.
In the reliefs of the St. Demetrius Cathedral in Vladimir, we can see medieval man’s ideas about the ideal world. Bryullov’s “The Last Day of Pompeii” marked changes in classicist painting. Surikov’s works on historical topics (“Morning of the Streltsy Execution”, “Boyaryna Morozova”, etc.) are real philosophical reflections expressed through fine art. For the novel “War and Peace” by Tolstoy, they had to come up with a special term - “epic novel”. And without this work it is impossible to imagine the appearance of other great novels, Buddenbrooks by Thomas Mann or Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell.
At the same time, any cultural monument, be it a literary work or a work of fine art, bears the features of the era. Its appearance is due to both the specific historical situation and the biography of the author, who is also a person of a certain time, social circle, etc.
The proposed course is built on a historical and chronological principle and covers the time from the adoption of Christianity to the beginning of the 20th century. In the conditions of revolutionary upheavals, the First World War and the Civil War, a new type of culture arose and its illumination was an independent epistemological task. Thus, our course covers the period of pre-Petrine culture and the culture of the imperial period.
Listeners will gain insight into the eras that produced Andrei Rublev and Dionysius, Ivan Nikitin and Bartolomeo Rastrelli, Alexander Pushkin and Vasily Tropinin... The author will also try to show the mutual influence of Russian and world culture. At the same time, it is important to remember that in the history of cultural exchange between Russia and the rest of the world, there were two flows: figures of world culture went to Russia and Russians went to Europe and America. However, many of the foreigners (invited by the monarchs or who came on their own) were able to realize their creative potential in our country. It is noteworthy that the great mathematician Leonhard Euler, when asked by the Prussian king Frederick the Great about the origins of his knowledge, answered: “I owe everything to my stay at the St. Petersburg Academy.”
The author tried to show the different components of culture (literature, architecture, fine arts) against a broad historical background and in close relationship with each other.
The course is divided into several modules, within which students are offered both text and video lectures, power-point presentations, links to additional resources and assignments for each topic. The purpose of the training course is to familiarize students with the achievements of Russian spiritual life in the 10th and early 20th centuries. and the formation of a holistic view of it. Objectives of the discipline: Study of art and culture as a system of cultural phenomena; Consideration of art trends, styles, creativity of individual figures and their specific works, as manifestations of general trends in Russian history; Acquaintance with the work of individual Russian artists, architects, writers, etc.; Analysis of specific monuments of literature, architecture, fine arts, etc.
Currently, Moscow University is one of the leading centers of national education, science and culture. Raising the level of highly qualified personnel, searching for scientific truth, focusing on humanistic ideals of goodness, justice, freedom - this is what we see today as following the best university traditions Moscow State University is the largest classical university in the Russian Federation, a particularly valuable object of cultural heritage of the peoples of Russia. It trains students in 39 faculties in 128 areas and specialties, graduate students and doctoral students in 28 faculties in 18 branches of science and 168 scientific specialties, which cover almost the entire spectrum of modern university education. Currently, more than 40 thousand students, graduate students, doctoral students, as well as specialists in the advanced training system are studying at Moscow State University. In addition, about 10 thousand schoolchildren study at Moscow State University. Scientific work and teaching are carried out in museums, at educational and scientific practice bases, on expeditions, on research vessels, and in advanced training centers.
Topic 1. Features of the development of Russian culture in the 10th – early 20th centuries.
Christianity. Influence of Byzantium. General and special aspects of Russian and European culture.
Topic 2. Culture of Kievan Rus (X – early XII centuries)
The phenomenon of ancient Russian culture. The influence of Christianity.
Literature: Cyril and Methodius. Translated religious and secular literature. Journalism (“The Word on Law and Grace”). Chronicles (“The Tale of Bygone Years”). Birch bark letters. Epics and fairy tales.
Architecture of Kievan Rus: Sofia Cathedrals in Kyiv, Novgorod and Polotsk. Painting (frescoes, mosaics, icon painting).
Topic 3. Russian culture of the period XII – XIII centuries. The beginning of feudal fragmentation.
The influence of feudal fragmentation on the culture of Rus'. The rise of culture in Russian lands in the XII-XIII centuries. The idea of the unity of the Russian land in works of culture.
Literature (“The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”).
Architecture of the period of feudal fragmentation, the formation of local architectural schools: Vladimir-Suzdal architecture (Assumption, Dmitrov Cathedral, Church of the Intercession on the Nerl), Novgorod architecture (Church of the Savior on Nereditsei etc.).
Topic 4. Culture of Rus' XIII-XVI centuries.
The Tatar-Mongol invasion and its consequences for Russian culture. The unification of Russian lands around Moscow. Ideology. "Moscow - the Third Rome".
Literature. Chronographs. Historical stories. “Walking” by Afanasy Nikitin. Journalism and the epistolary genre (“The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir”, Filofey, I. Peresvetov, Ivan the Terrible, A. Kurbsky and others). Chetyi-Minea of Metropolitan Macarius. "Domostroy". Ivan Fedorov and the beginning of book printing.
Architecture. Construction of the Moscow Kremlin. Assumption, Annunciation, Archangel Cathedrals. Construction of tented churches. Church of the Resurrection in Kolomenskoye. St. Basil's Cathedral.
Painting. Theophanes the Greek. Andrey Rublev. Dionysius. Painting "Blessed is the army of the heavenly king." Book miniature.
Topic 5. Russian culture of the 17th century.
The formation of secular culture. The influence of Western Europe on Russian culture. Spreading literacy and education. Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. Moscow Printing Yard.
Literature. The appearance of a fictional hero. Biographical stories. "Life" of Archpriest Avvakum. Satirical and everyday stories. Poetic genre. Simeon of Polotsk.
Architecture. Temples of Moscow and Yaroslavl. Baroque. Churches of the Intercession in Fili and the Church of the Sign in Dubrovitsy.
Painting. Parsuna. Simon Ushakov.
Topic 6. Russian culture of the 18th century.
Conditions for the development of culture. Reforms of Peter I. Europeanization and secularization of culture. Academy of Sciences and Academy of Arts.
Literature. Classicism (V.K. Trediakovsky, M.V. Lomonosov, D.I. Fonvizin, G.R. Derzhavin), sentimentalism (N.M. Karamzin, A.N. Radishchev). Journalism. N.I. Novikov.
Architecture. Baroque (D. Trezzini, V.V. Rastrelli and others). Classicism (V.I. Bazhenov, M.F. Kazakov, etc.).
Painting. "The Age of Portrait". Classicism (I.N. Nikitin, A.P. Losenko, D.G. Levitsky, V.L. Borovikovsky, etc.). Historical theme in painting. The beginning of sentimentalism (V.L. Borovikovsky and others).
Sculpture. Baroque (K.B. Rastrelli and others). Classicism. (F.I. Shubin, P.I. Kozlovsky, etc.).
Science and education. M.V. Lomonosov. Foundation of Moscow University. Creation of a comprehensive school system. Beginning of women's education.
Theater. F.G. Volkov. Sheremetev Theater.
Topic 7. Russian culture of the first half of the 19th century.
General conditions for the development of Russian culture at the beginning of the 19th century.
Literature (classicism, sentimentalism, romanticism, realism). I.A. Krylov, V.A. Zhukovsky, A.S. Griboyedov, A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, N.V. Gogol.
Architecture. Empire style (A.N. Voronikhin. K.I. Russia. O.I. Beauvais. DI. Gilardi). Neo-Byzantine style (K.A. Ton and others).
Theater and music. Russian romances. A.A. Alyabyev. A.E. Varlamov. A.L. Gurilev. Opera. A.N. Verstovsky. M.I. Glinka.
Art. K.P. Bryullov. A.A. Ivanov. A.G. Venetsianov. P.A. Fedotov and others. Sculpture. I.P. Martos. Klodt von Jurgensburg etc.
Science and education. University charter 1804 Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. N.I. Lobachevsky. N.M. Karamzin. Geographical exploration and discovery.
Topic 8. Russian culture of the second half of the 19th century.
Literature. Realism (I.S. Turgenev, F.M. Dostoevsky, A.N. Ostrovsky, L.N. Tolstoy, A.P. Chekhov).
Architecture. Conditions for the development of architecture. Eclecticism (A.I. Rezanov), pseudo-Russian style (V.O. Sherwood, A.N. Pomerantsev).
Painting. The Wanderers. N.N. Ge, V.G. Perov, I.N. Kramskoy and others. The influence of impressionism (I.I. Shishkin, I.I. Levitan, V.E. Borisov-Musatov, V.D. Polenov, I.E. Repin, etc.). Marine theme (I.K. Aivazovsky). Historical and battle painting (K.I. Aivazovsky, V.I. Surikov, V.V. Vereshchagin, etc.).
Salon academicism.
Sculpture. A.M. Opekushin, M.M. Antokolsky, P.P. Trubetskoy and others.
Science and education. Medicine (N.I. Pirogov, I.M. Sechenov), chemistry (A.M. Butlerov, D.I. Mendeleev), mathematics (S.V. Kovalevskaya), geography (P.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky), N.M. Przhvalsky, N.N. Miklouho-Maclay), history (S.M. Solovyov, V.O. Klyuchevsky).
Drama Theater (Maly Theater School). Ballet (M.I. Petipa).
Topic 9. Russian culture of the early 20th century.
Literature of the Silver Age. Realism (I.A. Bunin, M. Gorky), romanticism (M. Gorky), symbolism (I.F. Annensky, A.A. Blok), etc. currents.
Architecture. Modern (F.O. Shekhtel), neoclassicism (R.I. Klein), pseudo-Russian style (A.V. Shchusev).
Painting. Modern: romantic-European (M.A. Vrubel, L.S. Bakst, K.A. Somov, A.N. Benois, etc.) and patriotic (I.Ya. Bilibin, S.S. Solomko, etc. ) directions. Associations "World of Art", "Golden Fleece", "Jack of Diamonds", "Donkey's Tail".
Theater. Creation of the Moscow Art Theater (K.S. Stanislavsky).
The science. Russian religious philosophy (V.S. Solovyov, N.A. Berdyaev, S.N. Bulgakov).
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