How to become a master in the art of dispute: Tips Arthur Schopenhauer
A Life / / December 19, 2019
Arthur Schopenhauer
German philosopher. In his main work "The World as Will and Representation" has developed original idealistic doctrine.
Arthur Schopenhauer was one of the cleverest men of his time. He wrote not only the works of academic philosophy, but also the hundreds of vital aphorisms. According to contemporaries, he shone in conversations inimitable ingenuity. Schopenhauer loved to contrive controversy and has always come out of them a winner.
The essence of the dispute
Although mainly Schopenhauer wrote about the fundamental philosophical problems, it occupied and domestic issues of a practical nature. For example, in "Eristic, or the art of winning in disputes"He carefully examines the dispute process and results in a lot of sly tricks, the proper use of which greatly increases the chances of winning.
But what is meant by the dispute and victory in it? Schopenhauer once separate area of research aimed at obtaining objective knowledge from the field of conventional verbal debate. The victory in the dispute does not mean the victory of truth. In a dispute, you can defend a completely wrong view, but if your arguments are sound convincing, you can easily win.
Any dispute amounts to a refutation of the thesis of the enemy. Destroy the thesis in two ways: to point out the inconsistency of his actual situation or other statements opponent.
Tricks that will help win the argument
1. Turn on the opponent's statement in the wider context, which is contrary to the saying
A: "Winning Donald Trump will bring us much good."
B: "No, because Trump - a successful politician. But we all know that success in politics are making only deceitful scoundrels. What benefits can be expected from such a man? "
Villain B expanded the concept of "President" to the concept of "politics", in which he included a sign of bad faith.
2. Use the same word with different meanings
A: "I'm not going to work because work makes me unhappy."
B: "A man is obliged to make good money and be successful. You're a man, so go to the office. "
Opponent B has given the concept of "man" fit his value and applied to the present case. He replaced the word "man" in the social expectations of men.
3. Use relative judgments as absolute
A: "I do not like uneducated people. I like rock musicians. "
B: "But many uneducated people compose a good rock music."
B opponent tried to sign the private use as an absolute. Answer him as follows: "I do not like uneducated people, because it is not something to talk about with them. A rock musicians I love based on my love for this music genre. There is no contradiction. "
4. Ask as many questions as possible opponents to confuse him
And if you have to defend his point of view, argues his position as soon as possible.
The opponent will concentrate on your speech, so he will not have time to evaluate the correctness of logical reasoning.
5. Try to irritate the opponent
Being angry, he could not talk properly.
6. Mask the true purpose of their questions
IN dispute we often want to hear something specific from an opponent, a word, then to use it in building a profitable, we inference. For example:
A: "So you're saying that man evolved from apes, right?" In this case, we want to hear "yes", then to remind the enemy that he was more recently maintained his faith in God.
B: "No, I'm saying nothing." The enemy saw through you and said "no", so as not to fall into the trap.
Correct to disguise its true purpose:
A: "So you're saying that a man is not descended from apes, right?"
B: "You listen to me? I'm just saying that it is derived from it. " The enemy was caught, klyunuv a fake question. You got the right "yes".
A: "But an hour ago, you said that you are a Christian, that is, believe that God created man. You are contradicting yourself. "
7. Do not allow the enemy to draw general conclusions from your chain of false reasoning
You must do it yourself. In this case, your opponent noticed the trick:
A: "The person has a brain, right?"
B: "That's right."
A: "The ram has a brain, right?"
B: "That's right."
And: "Therefore, a man - a sheep, right?"
B: "Incorrect."
Correctly finish had to be so:
And: "Therefore, using the logical law of the excluded middle, the man - a ram. And if you argue with logic, you are only confirm my conclusion. "
B: "But this is not true ..."
Let the opponent starts to prove that you are wrong. You win points in the eyes of others, as well as worsen the emotional state of the opponent.
8. Use synonyms of words with emotional overtones, create a sense of the truth of your position
For example, if you criticize the church, talking about popah, not clergy. If we speak out against the actions of some of the nation, do not forget to use the word "quilted jackets".
9. Provide opponent only possible choice
For example, you need to prove that mathematics must learn absolutely all children.
A: "What the state is stronger and more promising: in which more educated or uneducated people?"
B: "educated".
A: "Can you think of an educated person who does not know mathematics, or not?"
B: "No".
We have twice given opponent illusion of choice. He is forced to agree with you for fear of getting bogged down and answer silly paradoxes.
10. If your opponent bashful, print his words anything
The main thing - do it with confidence.
For example, we are defending the position of the divine creation of the world and man.
A: "Numerous scientific studies have proven that the theory of evolution is true."
B: "That once again confirms the omnipotence of God! After all, he could not create a world so that science is there something she could not prove it! Just imagine that you are God. Did you become a palm off fake people instead of science, which can not do anything? You only confirm my position, my friend! And do not try to argue! "
11. Carp to all claims the source, looking for contradictions
For example, he lives in Moscow, but is trying to prove that Moscow - a poor city. Should ask him why he did not leave. All these carping weaken the position of harmony opponent.
12. If you feel that the opponent wins, immediately move away from the threads
With this trick every sign. For example, we prove that Russia implemented the best model of democracy. The opponent puts pressure on us by the fact that half the population does not go to the polls and falsification everywhere. In response, you can change the subject: "And you better take a look at the United States. Or think of ancient Greece... "
13. Make the enemy to inflate his thesis and destroy it
A: "People in the mornings is worth drinking cup coffee».
B: "So there is an advantage of the coffee?"
A: "Yes."
B: "But numerous studies show that coffee is injurious to health."
As a result, the opponent B disputes the thesis that "coffee is useful," and not the original statement "in the morning should not drink coffee."
14. angering the enemy
If any of your argument angers enemy, repeat it as often as possible.
15. Use humor
If the students knowledge about the subject of the dispute are small, you can correct conclusion opponent to submit to the ridiculous light with the help of jokes. For example:
A: "Friends, Charles Darwin said that man evolved from apes. To be honest, looking at the skull shape of Charles, an abundance of vegetation on his face and the wretchedness of his thinking products, it is difficult to deny him such ancestors. But we are with you people! "
16. Link to famous people
Even if you prove that the Earth - the center of the world, your team has such great minds as Plato, Pythagoras, Confucius, Solomon. Surely remind that all these people are placed at the center of the Earth. Perhaps, in the mind of your opponent proskolznot thought, "Hmm, something in this position is'
The crowd respected authorities.
17. In a difficult situation to admit their incompetence
For example: "What are you talking about, is not available to my weak mind. Maybe you're right, but I'm stupid man in the street and do not understand it, because I refuse to express an opinion. " This trick works if you have more authority than the opponent.
18. Keep thesis opponent to some despised position
Need to exclaim: "My dear, yes you did a racist!", "Yes, you are making conclusions as fortune tellers and astrologers."
19. If the opponent is trying to move the subject, in any case, do not let him that
When you hit upon the weak point of the opponent, continued to beat on him.
20. Stump and bring down the enemy confused meaningless set of words and phrases
The main thing - to keep a serious expression on his face.
We brought the most interesting tricks, which Schopenhauer wrote. In his book, you can find a few more tips. Their knowledge is useful not only for the attacks, but also for self-defense, because many of the techniques used by people intuitively.