How to discuss human rights in English: a brief glossary

1. Ableism - eyblizm

The word appeared in the 80's by adding to the able(To be able - "can", "to be able") suffix -ism by analogy with sexism, racism and other words denoting discrimination.

Eyblizm - a bias towards disabled. Its main manifestation - consider man with no visible health problems as the norm, and the rest - as a deviation from it. As part of disease eyblizma not see a person and extend to him all the stereotypes associated with disabilities.

example of use

What is ableism? My boss told me, "You're really great at this job, but I need someone healthy in this office." - What is eyblizm? My boss said to me: "You do a good job, but I need someone healthy in the office."

2. Ageism - ageism

Word is formed according to the same principle as the ableismOnly the first part - age - "age". For the first time the term was upotreblon in 1969 by Robert Neil Butler to describe discrimination against the elderly.

Now these words describe prejudice against people of any age. And the denial of hiring because of gray hair, and an unwillingness to listen to the young man with an argument of "grow up - you will understand" - it's ageism.

example of use

Ageism is equally as offensive as sexism. - Ageism is as offensive as sexism.

3. Body positivity - bodipozitiv

The term was first used in 1996 when the organization was founded the same name. Meaning bodipozitiva to accept and love my body for what it is, and stop pestering people with their stereotypes of who and how it should look.

Beauty standards are constantly changing to keep up with them is quite difficult. Due to the abundance of retouching the photographs people are trying to focus on obviously unattainable ideal. This leads to a painful concern appearance, neurosis and depression.

example of use

Teenagers especially need body positivity, the knowledge that they are beautiful. - Teenagers especially need bodipozitiv, understanding that they are beautiful.

4. Body shaming - bodisheyming

Bodisheyming - the flip side of bodipozitiva condemnation of people because they do not meet certain ideals that exist in society, or only in the mind of the speaker. The term is composed of the words body - "body" and to shame - "shame." fall a victim to bodisheyminga Anyone can. This phenomenon has also special cases - fat shaming and skinny shamingConvicted of overweight or underweight, respectively.

example of use

I'm not a body shamer. But she is too fat to be happy. - I do not bodisheymer, but she is too fat to be happy.

5. Childfree - childfree

The term "childfree"It has long been used and represents a conscious rejection of children. For human rights, he has a direct relationship, because of this very person has the full right to decide for themselves how to use the reproductive system.

example of use

Media have tended to depict childfree people negatively. — The media tend to portray people, consciously choosing not to have children, negatively.

6. Colorism - colourism

The word "colourism" was first used in 1983, although the phenomenon that it describes more than one hundred years. We are talking about discrimination against people with darker skin tones, often within the same ethnic or racial group.

For example, in Europe, USA, Asia, pale skin color indicated the noble origin, and there is no need to work in the field. In the same Asia during the colonization of the local population has been oriented in western standards of beauty on appearance, so people with fair skin have enjoyed great favor.

Colourism found now in employment or rent of the property.

example of use

It's likely that British colonialism has played a role in India's colorism. — Probably, the British colonial regime played a role in the formation of the Indian colourism.

7. Coming out - coming out

The expression refers to the open acknowledgment by man of their sexual orientation or gender identity. We are primarily talking about LGBT people. If you decide to declare loudly that you are heterosexual, Cuming-out it will not be recognized because of belonging to the most easy and secure.

In rare cases, this term refers to the disclosure of any kind of information which is usually taken to hide.

example of use

Jodie Foster's coming out speech was really touching. - Speech, which Jodie Foster made coming out was really touching.

8. Gaslighting - gazlayting

Gazlayting - kind of psychological violence in which the aggressor is trying to force the victim to doubt its adequacy and believe what is happening to your site. Unlike the previous terms, this does not consist of words that reflect the phenomenon. He appeared through the film Gas Light, in which the protagonist is manipulating the consciousness of his wife, and she begins to think that is crazy.

example of use

In the first episode, woman is being gaslighted by her husband. - In the first series of a woman subjected gazlaytingu by her husband.

9. Gendercide - gendertsid

Gendertsid - the systematic killing of people by gender. The word was introduced in 1985 by American Mary Ann Warren. Particular cases gendertsida - femicide (Extermination of women) and androcide (Extermination of men). It could be like the death of the high level of violence enshrined in the culture, and on the selective abortion - abortion if the child was "not in order" (usually female) sex.

example of use

China and India are notorious for their practice of gendercide. - China and India are notorious practice gendertsida.

10. Glass ceiling - glass ceiling

The term was introduced in 1987. He refers to the hidden and unjustified obstacles to the promotion of the career ladder for women LGBT and other groups, non-white heterosexual Europeans male.

If there is a glass ceiling professional competence do not matter. But the woman, for example, may refuse to increase, because "she had no one will discuss makeup at a meeting of the Board of Directors."

example of use

Daisy felt she hit a glass ceiling at work, because all of her male coworkers were promoted to management positions, while she was still considered a junior employee. - Daisy felt confronted with a glass ceiling at work, because all her male colleagues have raised, and it still remains on the launch pad.

11. Lookism - Lookism

Another term is formed with the suffix -ism and words look - "see", "look". It originated in the 70s of XX century and was originally associated with the struggle for the rights of fat people. Over the years, the problem of discrimination in appearance began to be considered more broadly.

Lookism requires better treatment for people whose form fits into modern standards. For example, if you offer help to the wrong party harder, and to those who you feel beautiful - it's definitely discrimination based on appearance.

example of use

She got fired for her hairstyle. It is probably a serious case of lookism. - She was fired because of the hairstyle. Probably, this is a serious case Lookism.

12. Male gaze - male view

The phrase literally translates as "the male gaze" and refers to the practice where any phenomenon assessed from the perspective of a heterosexual man and perceived through the prism of its benefits or pleasure.

The term was proposed film theorist Laura VSM in 1975, when it raised the problem of the male gaze, telling about the camera work. In the movie "The Postman Always Rings Twice" chamber at the first appearance of the heroine takes a close-up of her body, focusing on her sexuality. Viewers are able to see the woman in detail before will know her name.

Every time you see a movie in the same type of female characters with outstanding shapes or naked girl advertises garden shovels, you are dealing with a man's eyes.

example of use

The male gaze is present in full force at the Oscars every year. - Male look in all its glory is present at every award ceremony "Oscar".

13. Mansplaining - menspleyning

Menspleyning - a relatively new words added to the Oxford Dictionary in 2014. It consists of two parts - man (Male) and explaining (explanation). They referred to a situation in which a man is something condescending explains the woman. He previously convinced that the interlocutor does not understand the subject, and considers itself more competent. The speaker himself can carry blatant nonsense.

The examples are not far to seek, menspleyninga cases are found everywhere. If you live in a perfect world, without discrimination, just imagine a normal conversation in which a man says interlocutor driving rules. In this case, he even no rights, and she - driving instructor. All he utter to the moment when she would tell about the profession, and there menspleyning.

example of use

Apparently, you can not sell a second-hand car for as much as a new one. So glad he mansplained that to me. - Apparently, you can not sell a used car for the price of new. It's great that he explained it to me (I myself have not guessed).

14. Outing - outing

If coming out - a voluntary story about their sexual orientation or gender identity, the outing - it is the disclosure of information about a person without his consent.

Details of someone else's personal life may emerge accidentally. For example, the narrator thought that everyone already knows about it, or spill the beans. Or confidential information is disclosed specifically to harm. The fact that the consequences will be negative, no doubt. In some countries, because of outing people may lose their job or location of the familiar, in others - to be killed.

In the Russian language the word came in the form of the noun "outing." In the English language can be used as a verb to out.

example of use

Outing a transgender person is not only a violation of privacy but also dangerous. - outing of transgender people - is not only an invasion of privacy. This is dangerous.

15. Pro-choice - for the selection; pro-life - for life

Both of these terms are related to women's rights. Position pro-choice (For selection) suggests that the person can control their own bodies and lives, decide to keep the pregnancy or not. Traffic pro-life (For life) deprive women of this right, because his supporters are more concerned about the safety of the fetus.

example of use

Donald Trump has changed his view on abortion several times, from pro-choice in 1999 to pro-life today. - Donald Trump has several times changed his views on abortion - from prochoys in 1999 to prolayf today.

16. Slut-shaming - slatsheyming

The term includes parts slut (Whore) and to shame (Shame) and is used to describe the phenomenon in which a woman condemned for sexuality. In this case, there are no criteria by which the aggressor can blame the victim to depraved behavior. Someone will blame the woman's half-naked photos on the Internet, while others - for an evening out on the street with the trash because "decent home at the time sitting."

Slatsheyming - gender-specific phenomenon, because of "frivolous" condemn the behavior of only women.

example of use

Slut-shaming and the double standard have been a common occurrence in this days. - Slatsheyming and double standards were common in those days.

17. Victim blaming - viktimbleyming

The term is composed of the words victim (Victim), and blaming (Discourage) and used in the literal sense. Viktimbleyming - is the transfer of responsibility for the incident on the victim. Most often used when talking about violence and rape. By viktimbleymingu include any arguments with the value "itself asked for it" and "he is guilty."

Viktimbleyminga practice is sometimes used as a psychological defense, people deliberately looking in the victim flaws to explain why the aggressor is attacked at her. It turns out that the prosecutor allegedly located outside the affected area, it is not touch.

example of use

Victim-blaming is a major reason that survivors of sexual and domestic violence do not report their assaults. - Viktimbleyming - the main reason that the victims of sexual and domestic violence do not report the attacks.